A GUIDE TO THE Arab-Israeli Conflict by Mitchell G. Bard - Part 3 Appendices - Draiman

A GUIDE TO THE Arab-Israeli Conflict by Mitchell G. Bard - Part 3 Index

“The great enemy of truth is very often not the lie—deliberate, contrived and dishonest—but the myth—persistent, persuasive and repeated.” —President John F. Kennedy*

Appendices Recommended Internet Resources For the most comprehensive coverage of topics related to this book, as well as a regularly updated version of Myths & Facts, visit our Jewish Virtual Library (http://www.JewishVirtualLibrary.org). The Library contains an extensive bibliography of more than 1,000 web sites. The following are selected from that list: About Israel http://alisrael.co.il American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) http://www.aipac.org American Jewish Committee http://www.ajc.org Anti-Defamation League (ADL) http://www.adl.org Arutz Sheva Israel National Radio http://www.a7.org Begin- Sadat Center for Strategic Studies http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/ CAMERA http://www.camera.org Central Zionist Archives http://www.wzo.org.il/cza/index.htm The David Project http://www.davidproject.org/ Dinur Center for the Study of Jewish History http://www.hum.huji.ac.il/dinur Embassy of Israel (US)http://www.israelemb.org Golan Heights Information Server http://english.golan.org.il Ha’aretz http://www.haaretz.co.il Hasbara Fellowships http://www.israelactivism.com/ Hillel http://www.hillel.org HonestReporting.com http://www.honestreporting.com The Interdisciplinary Center https://www.idc.ac.il/eng/default.asp International Christian Embassy Jerusalem http://www.icej.org/ International Policy Institute for Counter- Terrorism http://www.ict.org.il Internet Jewish History Sourcebook http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/jewishsbook.html Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies http://www.iasps.org/index.php Israel Defense Forces (IDF) http://www.idf.il Israel on Campus Coalition http://israeloncampuscoalition.org/ Israel Radio http://www.israelradio.org Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics http://www.cbs.gov.il/engindex.htm Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs http://www.israel- mfa.gov.il/mfa/home.asp Israeli Prime Minister’s Office http://www.pmo.gov.il/english Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss Jerusalem Capital of Israel http://www.jerusalem- archives.org Jerusalem Post http://www.jpost.com Jerusalem Report http://www.jrep.com Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) http://www.jta.org Knesset—The Israeli Parliament http://www.knesset.gov.il Maps of the Middle East http:// http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east.html Middle East Media & Research Institute (MEMRI) http://www.memri.org Middle East Review of International Affairs http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/index.html Palestinian Media Watch http://www.pmw.org.il Peace Now http://www.peacenow.org.il/English.asp Pedagogic Center, The Department for Jewish Zionist Education, The Jewish Agency for Israel http://www.jajz- ed.org.il 346 Recommended Internet Resources Stand With Us http://www.standwithus.com/ Terrorism Research Center http://www.terrorism.com The Israel Project http://theisraelproject.org/ U.S. State Department http://www.state.gov United Jewish Communities UJC http://www.ujc.org Virtual Jerusalem http://www.virtualjerusalem.com Washington Institute for Near East Policy http://www.washingtoninstitute.org World Zionist Organization Student and Academics Department http://www.wzo.org.il Recommended Internet Resources 347 Suggested Reading Aumann Moshe. Land Ownership in Palestine 1880–1948. Jerusalem: Academic Committee on the Middle East, 1976. Avineri Shlomo. The Making of Modern Zionism: Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State. NY Basic Books, 1981. Avneri Arieh. The Claim of Dispossession. NJ: Transaction Books, 1984. Bard, Mitchell G. and Moshe Schwartz. 1001 Facts Everyone Should Know About Israel. MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. Bard, Mitchell G. From Tragedy to Triumph: The Politics behind the Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry. CT: Greenwood, 2002. Bard, Mitchell G. The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Middle East Conflict, Third Edition. NY: Alpha Books, 2005. Bard, Mitchell. The Water’s Edge And Beyond. NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991. Becker, Jillian. The PLO. NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1985. Begin, Menachem. The Revolt. NY: EP Dutton, 1978. Bell, J. Bowyer. Terror Out Of Zion. NJ: Transaction, 1996. Ben- Gurion, David. Rebirth and Destiny of Israel. NY: Philosophical Library, 1954. Collins, Larry and Dominique Lapierre. O Jerusalem! NY: Simon and Schuster, 1972. Dershowitz, Alan. The Case for Israel. NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003. Eban, Abba. Heritage: Civilization and the Jews. NY: Summit Books, 1984. Eban Abba. My Country: The Story of Modern Israel. NY: Random House, 1972. Gilbert, Martin. Israel: A History. NY: William Morrow & Co., 1998. Hazony, Yoram. The Jewish State: The Struggle for Israel’s Soul. NY: Basic Books, 2001. Hertzberg Arthur. The Zionist Idea. PA: Jewish Publications Society, 1997. Herzl, Theodor. The Diaries of Theodore Herzl. NY: Peter Smith Publishers, 1987. Herzl, Theodor. The Jewish State. Dover Publications, 1989. Herzog, Chaim. The Arab- Israeli Wars. NY: Random House, 1984. Johnson, Paul. A History of the Jews. NY: HarperCollins, 1988. Katz, Samuel. Battleground-Fact and Fantasy in Palestine. SPI Books, 1986. Kollek, Teddy. Jerusalem. Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute For Near East Policy, 1990. Lacquer, Walter and Barry Rubin. The Israel- Arab Reader. NY: Penguin, 2001. Lewis, Bernard. The Jews of Islam. NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984. Lewis, Bernard. The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2000 Years. NY: Touchstone Books, 1997. Livingstone, Neil C., and David Halevy. Inside the PLO. NY: William Morrow and Co., 1990. Lorch Netanel. One Long War. NY: Herzl Press, 1976. Meir, Golda. My Life. NY: Dell, 1975. Netanyahu, Benjamin. A Place Among Nations: Israel and the World. NY: Warner Books, 1998. Oren, Michael. Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East. NY: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pipes, Daniel. The Hidden Hand: Middle East Fears of Conspiracy. Griffin Trade Paperback, 1998. Pipes, Daniel. The Long Shadow: Culture and Politics in the Middle East. NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1990. Porath Yehoshua. The Emergence of the Palestinian- Arab National Movement, 1918–1929. London: Frank Cass, 1996. Porath Yehoshua. In Search of Arab Unity 1930–1945. London: Frank Cass and Co., Ltd., 1986. Porath Yehoshua. Palestinian Arab National Movement: From Riots to Rebellion: 1929–1939. vol. 2. London: Frank Cass and Co., Ltd., 1977. Rabin, Yitzhak. The Rabin Memoirs. CA: University of California Press, 1996. Ross, Dennis. The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace. NY: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2004. Sachar Howard. A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time. NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998. Safran Nadav. Israel The Embattled Ally. MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. Sanjuan, Pedro. The UN Gang: A Memoir of Incompetence, Corruption, Espionage, Anti- Semitism, and Islamic Extremism at the UN Secretariat. NY: Doubleday, 2005. Schiff Ze’ev and Ehud Ya’ari. Intifada. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1990. Schiff Zeev and Ehud Yaari. Israel’s Lebanon War. NY: Simon and Schuster, 1984. Schoenberg, Harris. Mandate For Terror: The United Nations and the PLO. NY: Shapolsky 1989. Stillman Norman. The Jews of Arab Lands. PA: The Jewish Publication Society of America 1989. Stillman Norman. The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times. NY: Jewish Publication Society, 1991. Weitzman Chaim. Trial and Error. NY: Greenwood Press, 1972. Wigoder, Geoffrey, ed. New Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel. NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1994. Ye’or, Bat. The Dhimmi. NJ: Associated University Press, 1985. Suggested Reading 349 Index of Myths 1. Israel’s Roots ....................................................................................1 “The Jews have no claim to the land they call Israel.” 1 “Palestine was always an Arab country.” 2 “The Palestinians are descendants of the Canaanites and were in Palestine long before the Jews.” 3 “The Balfour Declaration did not give Jews a right to a homeland in Palestine.” 4 “The ‘traditional position’ of the Arabs in Palestine was jeopardized by Jewish settlement.” 4 “Zionism is racism.” 6 “The delegates of the UN World Conference Against Racism agreed that Zionism is racism.” 7 “The Zionists could have chosen another country besides Palestine.” 8 “Herzl himself proposed Uganda as the Jewish state as an alternative to Palestine.” 8 “All Arabs opposed the Balfour Declaration, seeing it as a betrayal of their rights.” 9 “The Zionists were colonialist tools of Western imperialism.” 9 “The British promised the Arabs independence in Palestine in the Hussein-MacMahon Correspondence.” 10 “Israeli policies cause anti- Semitism.” 11 “Supporters of Israel only criticize Arabs and never Israelis.” 12 2. The Mandatory Period ..................................................................14 “The British helped the Jews displace the native Arab population of Palestine.” 14 “The British allowed Jews to flood Palestine while Arab immigration was tightly controlled.” 14 “The British changed their policy after World War II to allow the survivors of the Holocaust to settle in Palestine.” 17 “As the Jewish population in Palestine grew, the plight of the Palestinian Arabs worsened.” 17 “Jews stole Arab land.” 18 “The British helped the Palestinians to live peacefully with the Jews.” 20 “The Mufti was not anti- Semitic.” 22 “The Irgun bombed the King David Hotel as part of a terror campaign against civilians.” 23 3. Partition ..........................................................................................26 “The United Nations unjustly partitioned Palestine.” 26 “The partition plan gave the Jews most of the land, and all of the cultivable area.” 28 “Israel usurped all of Palestine in 1948.” 29 “The Palestinian Arabs were never offered a state and therefore have been denied the right to self- determination.” 29 “The majority of the population in Palestine was Arab; therefore, a unitary Arab state should have been created.” 31 “The Arabs were prepared to compromise to avoid bloodshed.” 31 4. The War of 1948 .............................................................................33 “The Jews started the first war with the Arabs.” 33 “The United States was the only nation that criticized the Arab attack on Israel.” 35 “The West’s support of Israel allowed the Jews to conquer Palestine.” 37 “The Arab economic boycott of Israel was imposed after the 1948 war.” 38 5. The 1956 War ..................................................................................40 “Arab governments were prepared to accept Israel after the 1948 war.” 40 “Israel’s military strike in 1956 was unprovoked.” 40 “The United States’ blind support for Israel was apparent during the Suez War.” 43 6. The 1967 Six- Day War ...................................................................45 “Arab governments recognized Israel after the Suez War.” 45 “Israel’s military strike in 1967 was unprovoked.” 45 “Nasser had the right to close the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping.” 48 “The United States helped Israel defeat the Arabs in six days.” 51 “Israel attacked Jordan to capture Jerusalem.” 51 “Israel did not have to shoot first.” 51 “Israel had no intention of negotiating over the future of the territories it captured.” 53 “Israel expelled peaceful Arab villagers from the West Bank and prevented them from returning after the war.” 53 “Israel deliberately attacked the USS Liberty.” 55 7. The War of Attrition, 1967–1970 .................................................60 “The Palestinians were willing to negotiate a settlement after the Six- Day War.” 60 “After the 1967 war, Israel refused to negotiate a settlement with the Arabs.” 60 Index of Myths 351 “According to Security Council Resolution 242, Israel’s acquisition of territory through the 1967 war is ‘inadmissible.’ ” 61 “Resolution 242 requires Israel to return to its pre- 1967 boundaries.” 62 “Resolution 242 recognizes a Palestinian right to self- determination.” 63 “The Arab states and the PLO accepted Resolution 242 whereas Israel rejected it.” 63 “Israel was responsible for the War of Attrition.” 64 “Egypt terminated the War of Attrition and offered peace to Israel, only to have Jerusalem spurn these initiatives.” 64 “Israel’s rejection of Egyptian peace initiatives led to the Yom Kippur War.” 66 8. The 1973 War ..................................................................................67 “Israel was responsible for the 1973 war.” 67 “Anwar Sadat agreed to U.S. peace proposals and did not seek war.” 67 “Egypt and Syria were the only Arab states involved in the 1973 war.” 69 9. Boundaries ......................................................................................71 “The creation of Israel in 1948 changed political and border arrangements between independent states that had existed for centuries.” 71 “Israel has been an expansionist state since its creation.” 71 “The West Bank is part of Jordan.” 73 “Israel seized the Golan Heights in a war of aggression.” 74 “The Golan has no strategic significance for Israel.” 74 “Israel refuses to compromise on the Golan Heights while Syria has been willing to trade peace for land.” 76 “Israel illegally annexed the Golan Heights in 1981, contravening international law and UN Resolution 242.” 77 “Israel can withdraw from the West Bank with little more difficulty than was the case in Sinai.” 79 “Israel’s demands for defensible borders are unrealistic in an era of ballistic missiles and long- range bombers.” 81 “Israel ‘occupies’ the West Bank.” 83 10. Israel and Lebanon .....................................................................85 “The PLO posed no threat to Israel and was observing a cease- fire when Israel attacked Lebanon.” 85 “The PLO treated the Lebanese with dignity and respect.” 86 “Israel was responsible for the massacre of thousands of Palestinian refugees at Sabra and Shatila.” 86 352 Index of Myths “Israel still has not satisfied the UN’s demand to withdraw completely from Lebanon because of its illegal occupation of Shebaa Farms.” 89 “Syria has been a force for stability and good in Lebanon.” 89 “Syria intervened in Lebanon only because it was asked to do so by the Arab League.” 91 11. The Gulf Wars ...............................................................................93 “The 1991 Gulf War was fought for Israel.” 93 “Israel’s low profile in the Gulf War proved it has no strategic value to the United States.” 93 “Israel benefited from the 1991 Gulf War without paying any price.” 94 “Iraq was never a threat to Israel.” 95 “Saddam Hussein was never interested in acquiring nuclear weapons.” 96 “The PLO was neutral in the 1991 Gulf War.” 97 “American Jews goaded the United States to go to war against Iraq in 2003 to help Israel.” 98 12. The United Nations ....................................................................100 “The United Nations plays a constructive role in Middle East affairs. Its record of fairness and balance makes it an ideal forum for settling the Arab- Israeli dispute.” 100 “The Palestinians have been denied a voice at the UN.” 101 “Israel enjoys the same rights as any other member of the United Nations.” 102 “The United Nations and its affiliate institutions are critical of Israeli policies, but never attack Jews or engage in anti- Semitic rhetoric.” 103 “The Arab states approved the 1991 repeal of the resolution libeling Zionism.” 104 “Even if the General Assembly is biased, the Security Council has always been balanced in its treatment of the Middle East.” 105 “The United States always supports Israel and vetoes critical resolutions.” 105 “America’s Arab allies routinely support U.S. positions at the UN.” 106 “Israel’s failure to implement UN resolutions is a violation of international law.” 106 “The United Nations has demonstrated equal concern for the lives of Israelis and Palestinians.” 107 13. Refugees .....................................................................................109 “One million Palestinians were expelled by Israel from 1947–49.” 109 “Palestinians were the only people who became refugees as a result of the Arab-Israeli conflict.” 109 “The Jews made clear from the outset they had no intention of living peacefully with their Arab neighbors.” 111 Index of Myths 353 “The Jews created the refugee problem by expelling the Palestinians.” 112 “The Arab invasion had little impact on the Palestinian Arabs.” 114 “Arab leaders never encouraged the Palestinians to flee.” 115 “The Palestinian Arabs had to flee to avoid being massacred as were the peaceful villagers in Deir Yassin.” 118 “Israel refused to allow Palestinians to return to their homes so Jews could steal their property.” 121 “UN resolutions call for Israel to repatriate all Palestinian refugees.” 122 “Palestinians who wanted to return to their homes posed no danger to Israeli security.” 124 “The Palestinian refugees were ignored by an uncaring world.” 125 “The Arab states have provided most of the funds for helping the Palestinian refugees.” 126 “The Arab states have always welcomed the Palestinians.” 127 “Millions of Palestinians are confined to squalid refugee camps.” 129 “Israel forced the Palestinian refugees to stay in camps in the Gaza Strip.” 129 “Refugees have always been repatriated, only the Palestinians have been barred from returning to their homes.” 130 “Had the Palestinian refugees been repatriated, the Arab- Israeli conflict could have ended.” 131 “Israel expelled more Palestinians in 1967.” 132 “UNRWA bears no responsibility for the terror and incitement that originates in the refugee camps.” 132 “All the Palestinian refugees have the right to return to their homes. 134 14. The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries ...............138 “Arabs cannot be anti- Semitic as they are themselves Semites.” 138 “Modern Arab nations are only anti- Israel and have never been anti- Jewish.” 138 “Jews who lived in Islamic countries were well- treated by the Arabs.” 141 “As ‘People of the Book,’ Jews and Christians are protected under Islamic law.” 143 15. Human Rights in Israel and the Territories ..........................160 “Israel discriminates against its Arab citizens.” 160 “Israeli Arabs are barred from buying land.” 161 “Israeli Arabs are discriminated against in employment.” 161 “Israel uses administrative detention to imprison peaceful Arabs without trial.” 162 “Arabs held in Israeli jails are tortured, beaten and killed.” 162 354 Index of Myths “Israel’s treatment of Palestinians is similar to the treatment of blacks in apartheid South Africa.” 163 “Israel is pursuing a policy of genocide toward the Palestinians comparable to the Nazis’ treatment of the Jews.” 164 “Palestinians have the lowest standard of living in the Middle East.” 165 “Israeli checkpoints unnecessarily prevent Palestinians from receiving medical attention.” 166 “Israel prevents Palestinian ambulances from taking sick and injured Palestinians to hospitals.” 168 “Israel uses checkpoints to deny Palestinians their rights and humiliate them.” 169 “Israeli textbooks are just as bad as those in the Palestinian Authority.” 171 “Israel is a theocracy and should not be a Jewish State.” 173 “Israel is persecuting Christians.” 174 16. The Palestinian War, 2000–2005 ............................................178 “The Palestinian War, dubbed by Arabs the ‘al- Aksa Intifada,’ was provoked by Ariel Sharon’s September 2000 visit to the Temple Mount.” 178 “A handful of Israelis have been murdered in the war while thousands of innocent Palestinians have been killed by Israeli troops.” 179 “Violence is an understandable and legitimate reaction to Israel’s policies.” 180 “Israel created Hamas.” 181 “The Palestinian Authority arrests terrorists and confiscates illegal weapons.” 182 “Palestinians do not encourage children to engage in terror.” 182 “Palestinian women are becoming suicide bombers because of their commitment to ‘liberate’ Palestine.” 185 “Palestinians interested in peace and preventing terror are respected and allowed freedom of speech by the Palestinian Authority.” 186 “Israel uses excessive force to respond to children who are just throwing stones.” 187 “The shooting of a child being protected by his father shown on TV proves Israel does not hesitate to kill innocent Palestinian children.” 188 “Israel’s use of F- 16 fighter jets typifies the disproportionate use of force applied by Israel against innocent Palestinian civilians.” 190 “Israel’s policy of assassinating Palestinian terrorists is immoral and counterproductive.” 192 “Israel indiscriminately murders terrorists and Palestinian civilians.” 194 “Israel perpetrated a massacre in the Jenin refugee camp in April 2002.” 195 “Rachel Corrie was murdered by Israel while she was peacefully protesting against the illegal demolition of a Palestinian home.” 197 “Israel poisoned Yasser Arafat.” 198 Index of Myths 355 17. Jerusalem ....................................................................................201 “Jerusalem is an Arab City.” 201 “The Temple Mount has always been a Muslim holy place and Judaism has no connection to the site.” 202 “Jerusalem need not be the capital of Israel.” 203 “Unlike the Jews, the Arabs were willing to accept the internationalization of Jerusalem.” 203 “Internationalization is the best solution to resolve the conflicting claims over Jerusalem.” 204 “From 1948 through 1967, Jordan ensured freedom of worship for all religions in Jerusalem.” 205 “Jordan safeguarded Jewish holy places.” 206 “Under Israeli rule, religious freedom has been curbed in Jerusalem.” 206 “Israel denies Muslims and Christians free access to their holy sites.” 207 “Israeli policy encourages attacks by Jewish fanatics against Muslim and Christian residents and their holy sites.” 208 “Israel has not acknowledged Palestinian claims to Jerusalem.” 209 “Israel has restricted the political rights of Palestinian Arabs in Jerusalem.” 210 “Under UN Resolution 242, East Jerusalem is considered ‘occupied territory.’ Israel’s annexation of Jerusalem therefore violates the UN resolution.” 210 “East Jerusalem should be part of a Palestinian state because all its residents are Palestinian Arabs and no Jews have ever lived there.” 211 “The United States does not recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital.” 211 “The Palestinians have been careful to preserve the archaeological relics of the Temple Mount.” 213 18. U.S. Middle East Policy .............................................................215 “The creation of Israel resulted solely from U.S. pressure.” 215 “The United States favored Israel over the Arabs in 1948 because of the pressures of the Jewish lobby.” 215 “The United States and Israel have nothing in common.” 216 “Most Americans oppose a close U.S. relationship with Israel.” 218 “U.S. policy has always been hostile toward the Arabs.” 219 “The United States has supported Israel automatically ever since 1948.” 220 “The U.S. has always given Israel arms to insure it would have a qualitative edge over the Arabs.” 221 “U.S. aid in the Middle East has always been one- sided, with the Arabs getting practically nothing.” 222 “Israel continues to demand large amounts of economic aid even though it is now a rich country that no longer needs help.” 223 356 Index of Myths “Israel boasts that it is the fourth strongest nation in the world, so it certainly doesn’t need U.S. military assistance.” 224 “U.S. military aid subsidizes Israeli defense contractors at the expense of American industry.” 225 “Israel was never believed to have any strategic value to the United States.” 226 “The employment of Jonathan Pollard to spy on the United States is proof that Israel works against American interests.” 227 “U.S. dependence on Arab oil has decreased over the years.” 229 “America’s support of Israel is the reason that terrorists attacked the World Trade Center and Pentagon on September 11.” 230 “The hijacking of four airliners in one day, on September 11, was an unprecedented act of terror.” 231 “Israel’s Mossad carried out the bombing of the World Trade Center to provoke American hatred of Arabs.” 232 “Groups like Hezbollah, Islamic Jihad, Hamas and the PFLP are freedom fighters and not terrorists.” 232 “American universities should divest from companies that do business in Israel to force an end to Israeli ‘occupation’ and human rights abuses.” 233 “Advocates for Israel try to silence critics by labeling them anti- Semitic.” 234 “Arab- Americans are a powerful voting bloc that U.S. presidential candidates must pander to for votes.” 235 “The United States must be ‘engaged’ to advance the peace process.” 236 19. The Peace Process .....................................................................241 “Anwar Sadat deserves all of the credit for the Egyptian- Israeli peace treaty.” 241 “Egypt made all the concessions for peace.” 241 “The Palestinian question is the core of the Arab- Israeli conflict.” 242 “If the Palestinian problem was solved, the Middle East would be at peace.” 243 “Israel’s opposition to the creation of a Palestinian state is the cause of the present conflict.” 244 “A Palestinian state will pose no danger to Israel.” 244 “The Palestinians have never been offered a state of their own.” 245 “Yasser Arafat rejected Barak’s proposals in 2000 because they did not offer the Palestinians a viable state.” 246 “Israel and the Palestinians were on the verge of reaching a peace deal during negotiations at Taba in 2001, but Ariel Sharon’s election torpedoed the agreement.” 247 “The Palestinians are being asked to accept only 22% of Palestine for their state while Israel keeps 78%.” 248 “Ariel Sharon has made clear that he does not want peace and no deal is possible as long as he is Prime Minister.” 249 Index of Myths 357 “Israel must help Mahmoud Abbas improve his standing among Palestinians to facilitate the peace process.” 250 “The disengagement plan was a trick to allow Israel to hold onto the West Bank.” 251 “Israel evacuated Gaza, but turned it into a prison by preventing the movement of people or goods.” 252 “Israel should be replaced by a bi-national state where Jews and Palestinians live together.” 254 “The Palestinians have been educating their children about Israel and a future of coexistence with Israeli Jews.” 255 “Palestinians no longer object to the creation of Israel.” 256 “The Palestinians have given up their maximalist dream of destroying Israel.” 259 “Palestinians are driven to terror by desperation.” 259 “Palestinians are helpless to stop the terrorists.” 260 “Palestinians are justified in using violence because the peace process has not allowed them to achieve their national aspirations.” 261 “The Palestinian Authority has seized illegal weapons and fulfilled its obligation to restrict the possession of arms to the authorized police force.” 263 “The Palestinians have fulfilled their commitment to arrest and prosecute terrorists.” 264 “Palestinian terrorists only attack Israelis; they never assault Americans.” 264 “Hamas is a force for moderation in the territories. It advocates Muslim-Jewish harmony and reconciliation.” 266 “There is a distinction between the political and terror wings of Hamas.” 267 “Palestinians have no need for propaganda because the truth about Israeli behavior makes clear their barbarity.” 268 “Releasing Palestinian prisoners would build confidence for the peace process without endangering Israeli security.” 269 “Israel’s security fence won’t stop terrorism.” 270 “Israel is the only country that believes a fence can secure its borders.” 271 “The security fence should be built along the pre- 1967 border.” 272 “Israel is creating a Palestinian ghetto.” 273 “Israel’s security fence is just like the Berlin Wall.” 274 “Israel’s Supreme Court ruled that the security fence is illegal.” 275 “Hundreds of Israeli soldiers are refusing to serve in the territories. This proves that Israel’s policies are unjust.” 276 “The Palestinian Authority protects Jewish holy sites.” 278 “Peace with Syria has been prevented only by Israel’s obstinate refusal to withdraw from the Golan Heights.” 279 “Israel’s continued occupation of Lebanese territory is the only impediment to the conclusion of a peace treaty.” 279 358 Index of Myths “Israel has a surplus of water and its refusal to share with its neighbors could provoke the next war.” 281 “Saudi Arabia is a force for peace and moderation that does not sponsor terror.” 283 “The Arab world’s commitment to peace is reflected by its abandonment of the boycott against Israel.” 284 20. Settlements .................................................................................289 “Israel has no right to be in the West Bank. Israeli settlements are illegal.” 289 “Settlements are an obstacle to peace.” 289 “The Geneva Convention prohibits the construction of Jewish settlements in occupied territories.” 291 “Israel is provocatively settling Jews in predominantly Arab towns, and has established so many facts on the ground territorial compromise is no longer possible.” 292 “At Camp David, during Jimmy Carter’s presidency, Israel agreed to halt the construction of settlements for five years.” 292 “The Mitchell Report said Israeli settlement policy was as much to blame for the breakdown of the peace process as Palestinian violence and that a settlement freeze was a prerequisite to ending the violence.” 292 “Israel’s plan to link Jerusalem and Ma’aleh Adumim is meant to sabotage the peace process.” 293 “Israel must dismantle all the settlements in the West Bank or peace is impossible.” 296 21. The Arms Balance ......................................................................300 “The threat from Israel, and the withdrawal of the United States’ offer to build the Aswan Dam, drove Egypt to seek arms from the Soviet Union in 1955. This started the Middle East arms race.” 300 “The Arab states have had to keep pace with an Israeli- led arms race.” 300 “Israel is militarily superior to its neighbors in every area and has maintained a qualitative edge over its enemies.” 301 “The sale of U.S. arms to Saudi Arabia has reduced the need for American troops to defend the Persian Gulf. These weapons pose no threat to Israel.” 302 “Israel refuses to sign the Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty to conceal its nuclear arsenal, and therefore threatens its neighbors.” 303 “Arms control in the Middle East is impossible so long as Israel refuses to give up its nuclear weapons.” 304 “Egypt is no longer a military threat since signing a peace treaty with Israel.” 304 “Iran has no ambition to become a nuclear power and poses no threat to Israel or the United States.” 305 Index of Myths 359 22. The Media ...................................................................................309 “Press coverage of Israel is proportional to its importance in world affairs.” 309 “Israel receives so much attention because it is the only country in the Middle East that affects U.S. interests.” 309 “Media coverage of the Arab world is objective.” 310 “Journalists covering the Middle East are driven by the search for the truth.” 312 “Israel gets favorable coverage because American Jews control the media and have disproportionate political influence.” 313 “Arab officials tell Western journalists the same thing they tell their own people.” 313 “Journalists are well- versed in Middle East history and therefore can place current events in proper context.” 314 “Israelis cannot deny the truth of pictures showing their abuses.” 315 “The press makes no apologies for terrorists.” 316 “The Palestinian Authority places no restrictions on foreign reporters.” 318 “The media carefully investigates Palestinian claims before publicizing them.” 320

Alphabetical Index 1956 War, 40–44, 73 arms buildup, 41 Israeli army preparedness, 43 lack of Israeli coordination with U.S., 43 Suez Canal, 40–41, 43 1967 Six-Day War, 50–58, 61 Arab League, 60 Arab politicians, 53 Arab refusals to negotiate, 45 Arab-Israeli peace settlements, 61 Arafat, Yasser, 60 Battle for Jerusalem, 52 boundaries, 74 cause of, 63 cease-fire lines, 54 CIA, 56 Egypt, 51–52 formula of three noes, 61 friendly fire incidents, 57 Gaza Strip, 53, 62 Golan Heights, 45–47, 53 Hashemite Kingdom, 53 Hussein, King, 51, 83 Israeli advances, 52 Israeli Air Force, 53 Jerusalem, 51–52 Jerusalem Post, 57 Jerusalem, unification of, 53 Johnson, Lyndon, 51, 55–56 Jordan, 51, 53, 60 McNamara, Robert, 58 mortality, comparison vs. other conflicts, 53 Nasser, Gamal (Egypt), 51 National Security Agency (NSA), 56–57 Operation Desert Storm, comparison of mortality, 53 Palestinian Authority (PA), 53 Palestinian views, 55 Palestinians, 53 PLO, 55, 60 pre-1967 boundaries, 62–63 Rabin, Yitzhak, 56 Sinai peninsula, 53, 62 Soviet Union, 56 Straits of Tiran, 47–49, 63 Syrian attacks, 76 territories captured, 53 terrorist attacks leading up to, 47 UN Resolution 242, 61 UN Resolution 338, 61 U.S. position during, 51 USS Liberty, 55 Vietnam, comparison of mortality, 53 War of Attrition (1967–1970), 60–65 West Bank, 53, 60, 62 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67–70 aid to Egypt and Syria during war, 69–70 Algeria, 70 Arab states, 67 Egyptian attack, 68 Faisal, King, 69 Golan Heights, 67 Hussein, King, 70 Iraq, 70 Jordan, 67, 69 Kissinger, Henry, 69 Kuwait, 70 Lebanon, 70 Libya, 70 NATO, equivalence of forces, 67 Palestinians, 70 Saudi Arabia, 69–70 Soviet Union, 67, 70 Sudan, 70 Suez Canal, 67–69 Syria, 67–70 Tunisia, 70 UN Resolution 242, 69 UN Security Council, 67 United States, 67, 69–70 A Abbas, Mahmoud (Abu Mazen), 278 peace process, 250–251, 269–270 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 118 Abdullah, Emir, 71 Abdullah, King, 260 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 127 Abdullah, Saudi Crown Prince, 249 Abu Ahmed, Salman, 330 Achille Lauro, 265 administrative detention, 162 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 332 al Azm, Haled, 116 Al-Aksa Martyrs Brigade, 106 al-Aksa Mosque, 178, 207, 210, 268–269, 315, 328, 330 al-Dawalibi, Marouf (Saudi Arabia), 325 al-Din, Muhammad Salah, 124–125 al-Husseini, Faisal, 330 al-Jalahma, Dr. Umayma Ahmad (Saudi Arabia), 325 al-Kidwa, Nasser, 100 Al-Kidwah, Dr. Jareer (PA), 330 Al-Manar (Hezbollah TV), 324 al-Qaida, 230, 231, 284 al-Qamhawi, Dr. Walid, 117 Al-Rahman Al-Sudayyis, Sheikh Abd (Saudi Arabia), 328 al-Zahar, Mahmoud (Hamas), 328–329, 331 Alamo, Muse, 114–115 Algeria, 70, 110, 142, 144 Algiers, 142 Allon, Yigal, 114 Amr, Nabil (PA), 328 Annan, Kofi , 133, 278 anti-Semitism al-Husseini, Hajj Amin, and meetings with Hitler, 22–23 Arab/Muslim attitudes, 138, 323–324 Arab/Muslim press, 139–140 Arafat, Suha, 139 blood libel, 138–139, 325 Egypt, 140 Faisal, King (Saudi Arabia), 139 Germany, 138–139, 141 Gulf Wars, 99 Holocaust, denial of, 140 Jordan, 140 Marr, Wilhelm, 138 Mein Kampf, 140 origin of term, 138 Palestinian Authority, 139–140 Palestinian State Information Service, 140 Protocols of Elders of Zion, 140 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 133 Syria, 140 UN, 103 Aoun, Gen. Michael, 90 apartheid, Israel comparison, 163–164 Arab countries, anti-Palestinian policies, 126–127, 128 Arab Higher Committee refugees, Arab (1947–49), 116–117, 123 war of 1948, 33 Arab leaders 1967 Six-Day War, 53 views of Jews during refugee crisis (1947–49), 121 views of refugees (1947–49), 115–118, 127, 132 Arab League 1967 Six-Day War, 60 boycott against Jews, 284 Lebanon, 91 peace process, 325–326 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 114–115 Arab Legion, 116 Arab Liberation Army, 116 Arab National Committee, 116 Arab-American voters, 235–236 Arab/Muslim attitudes toward Israel Abbas, Mahmoud (PLO), 327 Abdullah, King (Transjordan), 326 al-Zahar, Mahmoud (Hamas), 328 anti-Semitism, 323–324 Assad, Hafez (Syria), 326 blood libel, 325 destruction of Israel, 330–331 in Gulf Wars, 93 Mohammad, Mahatir (Malaysia), 323–324 Nasser, Gamal (Egypt), 326 Nayef, Prince (Saudi Arabia), 323 362 Alphabetical Index peace, 325–329 violence, sanctioning, 331–332 Arab/Muslim attitudes toward Jews, 5–6, 141, 143–144 Arabs, Israeli 160–161 Arafat, Suha, 139 Arafat, Yasser, 60, 74, 97, 198–199, 245–248, 263 arms balance chemical weapons, 304 Egypt, 300–301, 304–305 Iran, 301, 304–307 Iraq, 303 Islamic bomb, 304 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 303 Pakistan, 304 qualitative advantage, 301 Saudi Arabia, 301–303 weapons of mass destruction, 304 Assad, Bashar, 77, 140 Assad, Hafez (Syria), 76–77, 90–91, 326 Atiyah, Edward, 116 Aziz, Tariq, 96 B Baghdad attacks on Jews, 141 Jews, forced conversion, 142 Baker, James, 96 Balfour Declaration (1917), 1, 4, 9, 215, 216, 342 Barak, Ehud, 73, 245–248, 279 Bedouins, 160 Begin, Menachem, 86, 119, 241, 249 Beirut, 90 Beisan, refugees, Arab (1947–49), 116 Ben-Gurion, David, 43, 113, 120–121, 134 bin Laden, Osama, 259, 284, 331 bin S’ad Al-Shwey’ir, Dr. Muhammad (Saudi Arabia), 325 blood libel, 138–139, 325 boundaries 1967 Six-Day War, 74 Arafat, Yasser, 74 artillery ranges from West Bank, 72 Assad, Hafez, 76–77 British mandate, 71 Bush, George W., viewpoint on, 83 Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), 74, 76 Egypt, 73, 77, 79–80 Fattah, 74 flying times from Arab cities, 79–80 Gaza Strip, 72–73, 82, 84 Golan Heights, 73–79 Heymont, U.S. Army (Ret.) Col. Irving, 76 Iraq, 71, 78, 80–81 Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, 81 Jerusalem, 79 Jordan, 72–73, 77–78, 80, 83 Judea, 72, 81–83 Lebanon, 71, 73–74, 77 missile ranges from West Bank, 72 Oslo peace plan, 79 Ottoman Empire, 71 Palestine, 71 Palestinian Authority, 79, 84 pre-1967, 79, 81–83 Samaria, 72–73, 81–83 Saudi Arabia, 78, 80 Sinai peninsula, 71, 74 Syria, 71, 73–78, 80 Turkey, 71, 78 UN 1947 partition plan, 71 UN establishment of Israel’s, 71 UN Mixed Armistice Commission, 74 UN Resolution 242, 77, 84 UN Security Council, 74, 84 U.S. Joint Chiefs, conclusion, 81 U.S. Secretary of Defense viewpoint, 77 UN 1947 partition plan, 73 United States, 73 West Bank, 73–74, 79, 81, 83 World War I, 71 Brahimi, Lakhdar, 101 Britain establishment of boundaries in Middle East, 71 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 113 views of Zionism, 20 Alphabetical Index 363 British mandate appeasement of Arabs, 14 boundaries, 71 encouragement of attacks on Jews, 20 response to riots vs. Jews, 20–21 Jewish immigration, 14–17, 31 Jewish land purchases, 14, 18–20 Bush, George H. W. assassination attempt on, 191 Gulf Wars, 93 Jewish settlement policy, 220 peace negotiations, 238 Bush, George W., 251, 254 2000 election, 236 aid to Palestinian Authority, 223 disengagement plan, 251 embassy location, 212 Gulf Wars, 98 Israel policy, 220–221 peace process, 237–238, 269 road map, 335, 336 settlement policy, 295, 298 terrorism policy, 192–193, 254 viewpoint on boundaries, 83 C Cadogan, Alexander, 113 Camp David Accords, 242 Canada, 106 Caradon, Lord, 62 Carter Administration, 241 Chad, 85 chemical weapons, 304 children, use for violence, 182–184, 261 “Children’s Club,” 255 Christians in Israel, 160 in Lebanon, 86–87, 90 treatment in Arab world, 143 terrorism against, 177 CIA 1967 Six-Day War, 56 USS Liberty, 58 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 139 Clinton, William Jefferson (Bill), 247, 262 CNN, 310, 317 Cohen, Richard, 138, 276 Corrie, Rachel, 197–198 Custodian of Abandoned Property, 122 D Dayan, Moshe, 60 Declaration of Principles (1993), 64 PLO, 64 Deir Yassin, 117–118, 120–121 Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), 74, 76 Dershowitz, Alan, 162, 275, 303 dhimmis, 143 Diaspora, Jewish, 1 divestment, 233–234 Druze, in Israel, 160 E Eban, Abba, 61, 64 economic aid from U.S., 222–224 education system, Israeli, 171–173 Egypt 1967 Six-Day War, 51–52 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67–70 anti-Semitism, 140 arms balance, 300–301, 304–305 boundaries, 73, 77, 79–80 Jewish population, 142, 144–145 Jewish refugees from, 110 peace agreement, 63 territorial disputes, 63 in UN votes, 106 War of Attrition, 64–65 Eilat and War of Attrition, 64 Eisenhower, Dwight, 43 Eitan, Gen. Raful, 87 el-Khouri, Faris (Syria), 113, 325 Ellul, Jacques, 143 employment, in Israel, 161 Erell, Ret. Adm. Shlomo, 57 Eshkol, Levi, 51 Ezzedin, Hassan (Hezbollah), 89, 332 F Faisal, Emir, 79 Faisal, King, 69, 139 Falouji, Imud, 323 Fattah, 74, 96, 265, 329 364 Alphabetical Index France, 106 freedom fighter vs. terrorist, 232–233 freedom of religion, in Israel, 174–177 friendly fire incidents, 57 G Galloway, Ralph, 127 Gaza Strip 1967 Six-Day War, 53, 62 boundaries, 72–73, 82, 84 disengagement, 101, 252–253 Lebanon, 85 settlements, 296–299 Gemayel, Amin, 90 Gemayel, Bashir, 87, 90 Geneva Convention, 291 Germany anti-Semitism, 138–139, 141 arms supplies from, 221 deportees from, 130 Jews emigrating from, 5 under Nazism, 16, 22, 144, 165 occupation of Tunisia, 154 Ghorra, Edward, 86 Ghoury, Emile, 123 Golan Heights 1967 Six-Day War, 53 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67 Assad, Hafez, 76–77 boundaries, 73–79 location, 88 peace process, 63, 279 UN, 101 Goldberg, Arthur, 61–62 Great Britain. See Britain Gulf Wars anti-Semitism, 99 Arab view of Israeli participation, 93 Arafat, Yasser, 97 Aziz, Tariq, 96 Baker, James, 96 Bush, George H. W., 93 Bush, George W., 98–99 Fattah Revolutionary Council, 96 Hussein, Saddam, 95–96 Iraq’s chemical weapons capability, 95–96 Iraqi nuclear weapons capability, 96–97 Iraqi troop strength, 96 Iraqi views of Israel, 95–96 Israeli assistance to U.S., 94 Israeli defense budget, effect on, 94–95 Israeli views of Iraq, 96, 98–99 Kurds, 96 Libya, 97 London, Yaron, 97 Nidal, Abu, 96 Operation Desert Storm, 93 PLO, 96–98 reparations to Israel, 95 Saudi Arabia, 98 Scud missiles, 93, 95 Soviet Union, 95 UN Compensation Commission, 95 Gussing, Nils-Göran, 55 H Haganah, 35, 37, 113–114, 118–120 Haifa, 115–117, 121 Hairiri, Rafi k, 91 Hakim, Monsignor George, 117 Hamas cease-fire, 251 commitment to fight, 257, 266, 270, 328–329 origins of, 181–182 political vs. terror activity, 267–268 security fence to protect against, 275 strength of, 260 suicide attacks by, 264, 265 UN, 105 Hansen, Peter, 132–133 Hashemite Kingdom. See Jordan Hassan Nasrallah, Sheikh Sayyed (Hezbollah), 331 Heikal, Mohammad (Egypt), 65, 327 Herzl, Theodor, 8, 164 Herzog, Chaim, 100 Heymont, U.S. Army (Ret.) Col. Irving, 76 Alphabetical Index 365 hijackings air, 231–232, 265 sea, 265 Hijazi, Mohammed (Fattah), 329 Hitler, Adolph, 22–23, 139, 268 Hezbollah attacks in Beirut on U.S and French forces, 90 Lebanon, 89, 280 Syrian support for, 76, 77 Holocaust Remembrance Day, 257 Holocaust, denial of, 140 holy sites, Palestinian protection of, 278–279 Hrawi, Elias, 90 Hussein, King ( Jordan) 1967 Six-Day War, 51, 83 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 70 expulsion of PLO from Jordan, 86 refugees, Arab (1967), 132 Hussein, Saddam, 95–96 Husseini, Jamal, 114, 326 I India, 85 Iran arms balance, 301, 304–307 Jewish population, 145–147 Iraq 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 70 arms balance, 303 boundaries, 71, 78, 80–81 chemical weapons capability, 95–96 Jewish population, 142, 147–149 Jewish refugees from, 110 nuclear weapons capability, 96–97 PLO members from, 85 threats against Israel, 96 troop strength, 96 UN, 101 views of Israel, 95–96 Irgun, 23–24, 118 Islamic bomb, 304 Islamic Diaspora, 142 Islamic Jihad, 101, 105, 165, 260, 265 Israel Arabs in, 132, 161–162 checkpoints, 166–171 education, 171–173 employment, 161 history, 2–3 human rights in, 160–165 land claims, 4 Palestinian War, 161, 168, 178–180, 188, 224, 312 peace process, 256–257 population, 1, 160 prison conditions, 162–163 property rights, 161 religious freedom, 174–177 right to exist, 1–2 strategic value to U.S., 215, 217, 226–227 Issa, Habib, 117 Izz ad-Din al-Qassam brigades, 267 J Jaffa, 117 Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, 81 Jarring, Gunnar, 65–66 Jenin massacre, 195–196 Jerusalem 1967 Six-Day War, 51–52 access to religious shrines, 206–208 Arab blockade, 118 as capital, 2, 51, 132, 203, 212, 238 boundaries, 79 internationalization of, 203–205 Jewish population, 201, 236 Palestinian claims to, 209–210, 246, 248 Palestinian political rights, 210 Palestinian preservation of Jewish artifacts at Temple Mount, 213 population growth, 211 refugees from, 117 religious sites, attacks on, 208 Temple Mount, 202 U.S. recognition as capital, 211–212 UN, 101 UN Resolution 242, 210–211 under Jordanian rule (1948-1967), 211 unification of, 53 Jewish immigration, Palestine, 8 366 Alphabetical Index Jewish lobby, 215–216 Jewish National Home, 29 Jewish population Jerusalem, 201 U.S., 236 Jewish return to Israel Arab views in 1800s, 5–6 U.S. view, 5–6 Jews, in Algeria, 144 anti-Semitism toward, 138–139 in Egypt, 144–145 forced conversion in Middle East, 142–143 in Iran, 145–147 in Iraq, 147–149 in Koran, 141 in Lebanon, 149–150 in Libya, 150 in Morocco, 150–152 murder accusations in Ottoman Empire, 142 Muslim attitudes toward, 141, 143–144 in Syria, 152–153 in Tunisia, 154–155 in Yemen, 155–156 Jezreel Valley, 116 Johnson, Lyndon, 47–48, 51, 55–56, 221–222, 237 Jordan 1967 Six-Day War, 51, 53, 60 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67, 69 anti-Semitism, 140 Arab refugees, (1947–49), 127 boundaries, 72–73, 77–78, 80, 83, 85, 88 expulsion of PLO, 86 Gulf Wars, territorial integrity, 94 peace agreement, 63 territorial disputes, 63 Jordanian rule (1948-1967), 205–206, 211 Judea, boundaries, 72, 81–83 Jumblatt, Kemal, 91 K Kahan Commission of Inquiry, 87 Kelly, Lieut. Gen. (Ret.) Thomas, 79 Khalidi, Hussein, 120 King David Hotel, 23–24 Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, 101 Kissinger, Henry, 69, 85, 262 Koran Jerusalem in, 207 on synagogue destruction, 142 taught in schools, 205 Temple Mount in, 202 theocracy based on, 185 views on Jews, 141 Kurds, 96 Kuwait 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67, 69, 70 as allied base, 98 Iraq invasion, 81, 96 in UN votes, 106 West focus on, 90 L League of Nations, 1 Lebanese Christian Phalangist militia, 86–87 Lebanon 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 70 Aoun, Gen. Michael, 90 Arab League, 91 Assad, Hafez, 90–91 Begin, Menachem, 86 Beirut, 90 boundaries, 63, 71, 73–74, 77 Christians in, 86–87, 90 civil war, 87, 90 Gaza Strip, 85 Gemayel, Amin, 90 Gemayel, Bashir, 87, 90 Golan Heights, 88 government view of PLO, 86 Hairiri, Rafik, 91 Hezbollah, 89–90 Jewish population, 149–150 Jewish refugees from, 110 Jordan, 85–86, 88 Jumblatt, Kemal, 91 Kahan Commission of Inquiry, 87 Kissinger, Henry, 85, 87 Lebanese Christian Phalangist militia, 86–87 Mount Dov, 89 Alphabetical Index 367 Lebanon (cont.) Palestinian refugee camps, Muslim attacks on, 87 PLO in, 85–87, 90 Sabra and Shatila massacre, 86–87 Sharon, Ariel, 87 Shebaa Farms, 89 Shiite Amal militia, 87, 90 Syria, 85, 87–91 UN resolution, 91 UN Security Council, 89 West Bank, 85 Lehi, 118 Libya 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 70 first Gulf War, 97 human rights, 100 Jewish population, 142, 150 Jewish refugees from, 110 in Lebanon, 91 PLO members from, 85 relations with Israel, 63 Lippincott, Aubrey, 114 London, Yaron, 97 Lorch, Netanel, 74 M Ma’aleh Adumim, 293–295 Madhi, Sheikh Ibrahim (PA), 327 Marr, Wilhelm, 138 McGonagle, Commander William, 56 McNamara, Robert, 58 Media Arab propaganda, 313–314 CNN, 310, 317 euphemisms, 316–317 historical context, 314 Jewish control of, 313 lack of press freedom in Palestinian Authority, 318–320 New York Times, 119, 315–317 Palestinian misinformation, 320–321 photos, misleading, 315–316 press coverage in Palestinian territories, 310–312 press coverage of Arab world, 309–312 press coverage of Israel, 12, 309–310 pro-Arab lobby, 313 sensationalism, 312–313 terrorist attacks, treatment of, 321 medical care, in Israel, 166–169 Mein Kampf, 140 Meir, Golda, 45, 113 Mitchell Report, 292–293 Mohammad, Mahatir (Malaysia), 323–324 Morocco Jewish population, 142, 150–152 Jewish refugees from, 110 Morris, Benny, 115 Mossad, 269 Mount Dov, 89 Moynihan, Daniel, 100 Mozambique, 85 Mt. Carmel, 113 Mubarak, Hosni, 124 Mudayris, Shaykh Ibrahim, 324, 330 N Nakba Day, 257 Nasser, Gamal (Egypt), 51, 64, 326 National Security Agency (NSA), 56–58 Nayef, Prince (Saudi Arabia), 323 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 279 New York Times, 119, 315, 316, 317 Nidal, Abu, 96 North Africa, 142 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Israel position, 303 Osirak nuclear complex, 97 Nusseibeh, Sari, 134 O Operation Desert Storm, 53, 93 Operation Nachshon, 118 Osirak nuclear complex, 97 Oslo peace plan aftereffects, 213, 223, 238 boundaries, 79, 234 failure of, 245, 261 signing, 290 terms, 187, 249, 263 Ottoman Empire boundaries, 71 Jews, murder accusations, 142 368 Alphabetical Index P Pakistan, 304 Palestine Arab and Jewish population, 16 as part of southern Syria, 2–3 Jewish immigration, 8, 14–17 name derived from, 2 U.S. description in 1800s, 4–5 Palestine Conciliation Commission, 123 Palestine Higher Committee, 114 Palestinian Authority (PA) 1967 Six-Day War, 53 anti-Semitism, 139–140 Arab refugees (1947–49), 126, 130 boundaries, 73, 79 dissent within, 186–187 maximalist vision, 259 misinformation, 320–321 misuse of UN funds, 101, 126–127, 130 press freedom, lack of, 318–320 terrorism, efforts against, 182 weapons, control of, 263–264 Palestinian National Council (PNC), 65 Palestinian refugee camp massacres in Deir Yassin, 118–121 in Haifa, 113 in Jenin, 195–196, 321 in Lebanon, 86–87 Palestinian self-determination, UN Resolution 242, 63 Palestinian state diplomatic offers, 245 peace process, 243–244 Palestinian War (2000–2005), 178–200 Arafat, death of, 198–199 casualties, civilian, 194–195 casualties, Israeli, 179–180 casualties, Palestinian, 179–180 children, use of, 182–184, 188–190 Corrie, Rachel, 197–198 force, excessive, 187–188, 190–192 Hamas, origins of, 181–182 Jenin massacre, 195–196, 321 Palestinian Authority efforts against terrorism, 182 Palestinian dissent, 186–187 policy of assassination, 192–194 Sharon, Ariel, 178–179 Temple Mount, 178–179 violence, reasons for, 180–181 women in suicide attacks, 185–186 Palestinians “big lie,” 268–269 1967 Six-Day War, 53, 55 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 70 claims to Jerusalem, 209–210 historically in the region, 3–4 living conditions, 164–165 naturalization in Arab states, 7 political rights in Jerusalem, 210 preservation of Jewish artifacts at Temple Mount, 213 territorial disputes, 63 UN conferences supporting, 100, 102 “Paradise Camp,” 256 peace process. See also Oslo peace plan 1967 Six-Day War, 61 Abbas, Mahmoud, 250–251 bi-national state, 254 boycott of Israel, 284–285 children’s television, 255–256 Egypt-Israel, 241–242, 261–262 Gaza disengagement, 252–253 Golan Heights, 279 Hamas, 266–268 holy sites, Palestinian protection of, 278–279 Israel’s right to exist, 256–257 Israeli reservists, 276–277 Lebanon, 279–281 Madrid, 101 maximalist vision of PA, 259 Palestinian “big lie,” 268–269 Palestinian question, 242–243 Palestinian state, 243–249 prisoner releases, 269–270 right to exist, 266 Saudi Arabia, 283–284 security fence, 270–276 settlement disengagement plans, 251–252 Sharon, Ariel, 249–250 Syria, 279 Alphabetical Index 369 peace process (cont.) terrorism, Palestinian efforts to stop, 260–261 terrorism, prosecution by Palestinian Authority, 264 terrorism, reasons for, 259–260 terrorism, violence against U.S. citizens, 264–266 water, 281–283 peace, comments on Abbas, Mahmoud (PLO), 327 Abdullah, King (Transjordan), 326 Al-Rahman Al-Sudayyis, Sheikh Abd (Saudi Arabia), 328 al-Zahar, Mahmoud (Hamas), 328–329 Amr, Nabil (PA), 328 Assad, Hafez (Syria), 326 el-Khouri, Faris (Syria), 325 Heikal, Mohammad (Egypt), 327 Hijazi, Mohammed (Fattah), 329 Husseini, Jamal, 326 Madhi, Sheikh Ibrahim (PA), 327 Nasser, Gamal (Egypt), 326 Pasha, Azzam (Arab League), 325–326 Rajoub, Jebril (PA), 327 Saed, Raed (Hamas), 329 Peel Commission, 19, 29–30 PLO 1967 Six-Day War, 55, 60 Arafat, Yasser, 60, 98, 247, 250, 265, 315 creation of, 60 Declaration of Principles (1993), 64 expulsion from Jordan, 86 Gulf Wars, 96–98 in Lebanon, 85–87, 90 terrorism, 265 UN Resolution 242, 63–64 UN Resolution 338, 64 United Nations, 100, 102 War of Attrition, 65 poll tax, 143 Pollard spy case, 227–229 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 76, 265 population of Israel, 160 pre-1967 boundaries, 62–63, 79, 81–83 press coverage. See media. prison conditions, in Israel, 162–163 pro-Arab lobby, 313 property rights, in Israel, 161 Protocols of Elders of Zion, 140, 269 Q Qumiya, 116 R Rabin, Yitzhak, 56, 73, 151, 209, 221, 262, 295, 298 Rafsanjani, Ali (Iran), 330 Rajoub, Jebril (PA), 327 Rand Corporation, 283 Red Cross, 119 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 109–137 Abdullah, King, 127 Annan, Kofi , 133 anti-Semitism in schools, 133 Arab appeal to UN for resolution, 116 Arab blockade of Jerusalem, 118 Arab countries, anti-Palestinian policies, 126–127, 128 Arab Higher Committee, 116–117, 123 Arab invasion, 114–115 Arab leaders, views of, 115–118, 127, 132 Arab League, 117 Arab Legion, 116 Arab Liberation Army, 116 Arab National Committee, 116 atrocities, fabricated claims, 120–121 Awarna Bedouin, 116 Begin, Menachem, 119 Beisan, 116 Ben-Gurion, David, 113, 120–121, 134 Britain, 113 Custodian of Abandoned Property, 122 Deir Yassin, 117–118, 120–121 estimates of, 109, 126, 129, 134 funding, 126 Haganah, 114, 118–120 Haifa, 115–117, 121 Irgun, 118 Israeli efforts for housing, 129–130 Jaffa, 117 370 Alphabetical Index Jerusalem, 117 Jezreel Valley, 116 Jordan, 127 Lehi, 118 Meir, Golda, 113 Mt. Carmel, 113 Mubarak, Hosni, 124 Operation Nachshon, 118 Palestine Conciliation Commission, 123 Palestine Higher Committee, 114 Palestinian Authority, 126–127, 130 Qumiya, 116 Red Cross, 119 reports of massacres and deportations, 113–114 return, Arab views, 121–125 return, compared to American Revolution, 125 return, Israeli views of, 124, 132, 134 rights in Jordan, 127 terrorism, 129–130, 132–133 Tiberius, 113, 117, 121 two-state solution, 134 UN partition, 113 UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), 125–130, 132–133 UN Relief for Palestinian Refugees, 125 UN Resolution 194, 122, 124, 126 UN Resolution 242, 134 UN Security Council, 114 refugees, Arab (1967), 130–132 refugees, Jewish, 109–111, 126, 130, 134 religion in government, in Israel, 173–174 road map disengagement plan, 238, 251 negotiations, 249–250 Palestinian Authority obligations, 84, 166, 253, 256, 263, 269, 273 text of, 335–341 Rumsfeld, Donald, 246 S Sabra and Shatila massacre, 86–87 Sadat, Anwar, 65–66, 67–69, 173, 207, 237, 241, 249–250, 262, 289, 292, 305 Saed, Raed (Hamas), 329 Samaria, 72–73, 81–83 Sarid, Yossi, 97 Saudi Arabia, 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 69–70 arms balance, 301–303 boundaries, 78, 80 Gulf Wars, 98 in Lebanon, 91 peace process, 283–284 relations with Israel, 63 UN, 106 security fence, 270–276 September 11, 230–232 “Sesame Street,” Palestinian version, 255 settlements as obstacle to peace, 289–291 disengagement plans, 251–252 Gaza vs. West Bank, 296–299 Gaza withdrawal, 296 Geneva Convention, 291 locations, 292 Ma’aleh Adumim, 293–295 Mitchell Report, 292–293 moratorium, Israeli, 292 UN, 101 Shakir, Shaykh Jamal, 324 Shaltiel, David, 118 Sharon, Ariel, 87, 243–244, 247, 249–251 Shebaa Farms, 89 Shiite Amal militia, 87, 90 Sinai peninsula 1967 Six-Day War, 53, 62 boundaries, 71, 74 Soviet Union 1967 Six-Day War, 56, 62 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67, 70 Gulf Wars, 95 War of Attrition (1967–1970), 65 Spain, 141 Spector, Brig.-Gen. Yiftah, 57 Spiegel, Fredelle, 131 Sri Lanka, 85 State Department, 37, 51, 58, 133, 191, 197, 238 Strait of Tiran, blockade of, 41, 43, 47, 48, 63, 241 Alphabetical Index 371 Sudan, 70, 91, 265 Suez Canal and War of Attrition, 64 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67–69 War of Attrition, 64–65 synagogues, in Algeria, 144 in Cairo, 145 destruction of, 142, 150–151, 155, 278 in Iraq, 148–149 in Syria, 154 in Tunisia, 154 Syria 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67–70 anti-Semitism, 140 boundaries, 71, 73–78, 80 Jewish population in, 142, 152–153 Jewish refugees from, 110 in Lebanon, 85, 87–91 peace process, 279 support for terrorists, 74, 76 territorial disputes, 63 UN, 100 T Temple Mount, 178–179, 202, 213, 246, 248, 268 terrorism. See also specific incidents by al-Qaida, 230–231 Arab refugees (1947–49), 129–130, 132–133 Arab support for, 234, 243 against children, 107 by children, 183–184, 261 against Christians, 177 against civilians, 23–24, 60, 180 vs. freedom fighter, 232–233 by Hamas, 181–182, 267 Israeli efforts to stop, 165, 170, 217, 270, 272–273, 290 by Libya, 193 Palestinian efforts to stop, 186, 260–261, 293 prosecution by Palestinian Authority, 264 punishment for, 163, 264 reasons for, 83, 259–260 response to, 190, 192–193 by Saudi Arabia, 283–284 suicide attacks, 196, 270 Syrian-sponsored, 105 UN Security Council policy, 101, 105 U.S. definition of, 233 violence against U.S. citizens, 264–265 Tiberius, 1, 113, 121 Transjordan. See Jordan Treiki, Ali, 103 Tunisia, 70, 110, 142, 154–155 Turkey, 71, 78 U U.S. Joint Chiefs, on boundaries, 81 U.S. Middle East Policy against Israel’s interests, 220–221 anti-Semitism, 234 Arab countries, 219 Arab population in U.S., 236 Arab-American voters, 235–236 creation of Israel, 215 dependence on Arab oil, 229 divestment, 233–234 economic aid, 222–224 hijackings, air, 231–232 Jewish lobby, 215–216 Jewish population in U.S., 236 military assistance to Israel, 224–226 Pollard spy case, 227–229 public support, 218–219 September 11 attacks, 230–232 strategic value of Israel, 215, 217, 226–227 terrorist vs. freedom fighter, 232–233 U.S. diplomacy efforts, history of, 236–239 values, shared, 216–218 U.S. military assistance to Israel, 224–226 U.S. positions 1967 Six-Day War, 51 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67, 69–70 abstentions at UN, 105 Arab support of, 106 Jerusalem as capital of Israel, 211–212 372 Alphabetical Index Jewish return to Israel, 5–6 views on Israeli military action in first Gulf War, 93 voting record at UN, 105 War of Attrition, 64 Uganda, Jewish plans to settle in, 8 UN 1947 partition plan, 1, 26–32 Arab rejection of, 31–32 boundaries, 71, 73 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 113 UN Compensation Commission, 95 UN Development Program, 101 UN Mixed Armistice Commission, 74 UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), 125–130, 132–133 UN Relief for Palestinian Refugees, 125 UN Resolution 194, 122, 124, 126 UN Resolution 242 1967 Six-Day War, 61–62 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 69 Arab states, 63–64 boundaries, 77, 84 freedom of navigation provision, 63 ineffectiveness of, 101 Jerusalem, 210–211 Palestinian right to self-determination, 63 peace talks based on, 134 PLO, 63–64 UN Resolution 3379 UN Resolution 338, 101 1967 Six-Day War, 61 ineffectiveness of, 101 PLO, 64 UN resolutions, implementation of, 106–107 UN Security Council, 107 1967 Six-Day War, 61–62 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67 binding resolutions, 107 boundaries, 84 on Israel, 103, 105 Lebanon, 89 Osirak nuclear complex, 97 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 114 refugees, Arab (1967), 132 on terrorism, 101 UN Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP), 26, 33–35 United Nations, 100–108 Al-Aksa Martyrs Brigade, 106 al-Kidwa, Nasser, 100 anti-Semitism, 103 anti-Zionist resolution, repeal of, 104 anti-Zionist sentiment, 103–104 Arab appeal for resolution to refugee crisis (1947–49), 116 Arab support of U.S. positions, 106 Arab terror attacks, 105, 107 Arab-Soviet-Third World bloc, 100 Asian Group, 102 establishment of Israel’s boundaries, 71 Gaza Strip, 101 General Assembly, 101–102, 104–105 Golan Heights, 101 Hamas, 105 Herzog, Chaim, 100 Islamic Jihad, 101, 105 Israel’s voting record, 106 Israeli rights at UN, 102–103 Jerusalem, 101 Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, 101 nonbinding resolutions, 106 Palestine, as non-voting member, 102 Palestinian Authority, 101 peace process, Madrid, 101 PLO, 100, 102 settlements, 101 U.S. voting record, 105 Western European and Others Group (WEOG), 102 Zionism as racism, 100 USS Liberty, 55–58 V Vietnam, 53 von Grunebaum, G. E., 142 W War of 1948 Arab boycott, 38–39 armistice lines, 36 Alphabetical Index 373 War of 1948 (cont.) arms embargo, 37–38 Haganah, 35 international response, 35, 37 lack of Western support, 37–38 phases of the war, 33–35 War of Attrition (1967–1970), 60–66 cease-fire, 64 Egypt, 64–65 Eilat, 64 Nasser, Gamal (Egypt), 64 peace talks, 65 PLO, 65 Sadat, Anwar, 65–66 SAM-2, SAM-3 missiles, 65 Soviet Union, 65 Suez Canal, 64–65 U.S. Defense Department photos, 65 U.S. role, 64 weapons of mass destruction, 98, 304 Weitzman, Chaim, 123 West Bank 1967 Six-Day War, 53, 60, 62 boundaries, 73–74, 79, 81, 83 settlements, 296–299 terrorism, 85 Western European and Others Group (WEOG), 102 Western Wall, 246 women, in suicide attacks, 185–186 World War I, 71 World War II, 17, 26, 127, 154, 342 Y Yassin, Sheikh Ahmed, 264, 267, 332 Yemen, 142, 155–156 Z Ziegler, Jean, 104 Zionism Arab views, 9–10, 115 British views during Mandatory period, 20 Hamas position, 266 history, 1, 8 as racism, 6–7, 100 UN views, 100, 103–104 374 Alphabetical Index 

American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE)

The AMERICAN- ISRAELI COOPERATIVE ENTERPRISE (AICE) was established in 1993 as a nonprofit 501(c) (3), nonpartisan organization to strengthen the U.S. - Israel relationship by emphasizing the fundamentals of the alliance and the values our nations share. Tangibly, this means developing social and educational programs in the U.S. based on innovative, successful Israeli models that address similar domestic problems, and bringing novel U.S. programs to Israel. These cooperative activities, which stem from our common values, are called Shared Value Initiatives. The objectives and purposes of AICE include: ■ To provide a vehicle for the research, study, discussion and exchange of views concerning nonmilitary cooperation (Shared Value Initiatives) between the peoples and governments of the United States and Israel. ■ To facilitate the formation of partnerships between Israelis and Americans. ■ To publicize joint activities, and the benefits accruing to America and Israel from them. ■ To explore issues of common historical interest to the peoples and governments of the United States and Israel. ■ To sponsor research, conferences and documentaries. ■ To serve as a clearinghouse on joint U.S. - Israeli activities. ■ To provide educational materials on Jewish history and culture. ■ To promote scholarship in the field of Israel studies. AICE also runs the Jewish Virtual Library, a comprehensive online Jewish encyclopedia covering everything from anti- Semitism to Zionism (www.JewishVirtual Library.org). BOARD OF DIRECTORS Howard Rosenbloom President/Treasurer Dr. Arthur Bard Vice President/Secretary Mitchell G. Bard Executive Director ADVISORY BOARD Dorothy Bard Stephen J. Lovell Newton Becker Bernice Manocherian Martin Block J. George Mitnick Renee Comet Sy Opper Henry Everett z”l Terry M. Rubinstein Howard Friedman Sholom Shefferman Jerry Gottesman Irving Shuman Paula Gottesman Alan Slifka Eugene M. Grant Louis S. Sorell Andy Lappin Arnold Wagner Dr. Brad Levinson Jane Weitzman

About the Author Mitchell Bard is the Executive Director of the nonprofit American- Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) and a foreign policy analyst who lectures frequently on U.S. - Middle East policy. Dr. Bard is also the director of the Jewish Virtual Library. Dr. Bard has appeared on local and national television and radio outlets. His work has been published in academic journals, magazines and major newspapers. He is the author/editor of: ■ The Water’s Edge And Beyond: Defining the Limits to Domestic Influence on U.S. Middle East Policy ■ Partners for Change: How U.S.- Israel Cooperation Can Benefit America ■ U.S.- Israel Relations: Looking to the Year 2000 ■ Building Bridges: Lessons For America From Novel Israeli Approaches To Promote Coexistence ■ Forgotten Victims: The Abandonment of Americans in Hitler’s Camps ■ The Complete Idiot’s Guide to World War II ■ The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Middle East Conflict  ■ The Complete History of the Holocaust ■ The Holocaust (Turning Points in World History) ■ The Nuremberg Trials (At Issue in History) ■ The Nuremberg Trials (Eyewitness to History) ■ From Tragedy to Triumph: The Politics behind the Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry ■ The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Understanding the Brain ■ On One Foot: A Middle East Guide for the Perplexed or How to Respond on Your Way to Class When Your Best Friend Joins an Anti- Israel Protest ■ The Founding of the State of Israel ■ 1001 Facts Everyone Should Know About Israel (co- author Moshe Schwartz) Dr. Bard is also the author/editor of six studies published by AICE: ■ Learning Together: Israeli Innovations in Education that Could Benefit Americans ■ Experience Counts: Innovative Programs For The Elderly In Israel That Can Benefit Americans ■ Good Medicine: Israeli Innovations In Health Care That Could Benefit Americans ■ Breakthrough Dividend: Israeli Innovations In Biotechnology That Could Benefit Americans. ■ Rewriting History in Textbooks ■ TENURED OR TENUOUS: Defining the Role of Faculty in Supporting Israel on Campus Bard holds a Ph.D. in political science from UCLA and a master’s degree in public policy from Berkeley. He received his B.A. in economics from the University of California at Santa Barbara.

14. The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries 141 142  

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Alphabetical Index 1956 War, 40–44, 73 arms buildup, 41 Israeli army preparedness, 43 lack of Israeli coordination with U.S., 43 Suez Canal, 40–41, 43 1967 Six-Day War, 50–58, 61 Arab League, 60 Arab politicians, 53 Arab refusals to negotiate, 45 Arab-Israeli peace settlements, 61 Arafat, Yasser, 60 Battle for Jerusalem, 52 boundaries, 74 cause of, 63 cease-fire lines, 54 CIA, 56 Egypt, 51–52 formula of three noes, 61 friendly fire incidents, 57 Gaza Strip, 53, 62 Golan Heights, 45–47, 53 Hashemite Kingdom, 53 Hussein, King, 51, 83 Israeli advances, 52 Israeli Air Force, 53 Jerusalem, 51–52 Jerusalem Post, 57 Jerusalem, unification of, 53 Johnson, Lyndon, 51, 55–56 Jordan, 51, 53, 60 McNamara, Robert, 58 mortality, comparison vs. other conflicts, 53 Nasser, Gamal (Egypt), 51 National Security Agency (NSA), 56–57 Operation Desert Storm, comparison of mortality, 53 Palestinian Authority (PA), 53 Palestinian views, 55 Palestinians, 53 PLO, 55, 60 pre-1967 boundaries, 62–63 Rabin, Yitzhak, 56 Sinai peninsula, 53, 62 Soviet Union, 56 Straits of Tiran, 47–49, 63 Syrian attacks, 76 territories captured, 53 terrorist attacks leading up to, 47 UN Resolution 242, 61 UN Resolution 338, 61 U.S. position during, 51 USS Liberty, 55 Vietnam, comparison of mortality, 53 War of Attrition (1967–1970), 60–65 West Bank, 53, 60, 62 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67–70 aid to Egypt and Syria during war, 69–70 Algeria, 70 Arab states, 67 Egyptian attack, 68 Faisal, King, 69 Golan Heights, 67 Hussein, King, 70 Iraq, 70 Jordan, 67, 69 Kissinger, Henry, 69 Kuwait, 70 Lebanon, 70 Libya, 70 NATO, equivalence of forces, 67 Palestinians, 70 Saudi Arabia, 69–70 Soviet Union, 67, 70 Sudan, 70 Suez Canal, 67–69 Syria, 67–70 Tunisia, 70 UN Resolution 242, 69 UN Security Council, 67 United States, 67, 69–70 A Abbas, Mahmoud (Abu Mazen), 278 peace process, 250–251, 269–270 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 118 Abdullah, Emir, 71 Abdullah, King, 260 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 127 Abdullah, Saudi Crown Prince, 249 Abu Ahmed, Salman, 330 Achille Lauro, 265 administrative detention, 162 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 332 al Azm, Haled, 116 Al-Aksa Martyrs Brigade, 106 al-Aksa Mosque, 178, 207, 210, 268–269, 315, 328, 330 al-Dawalibi, Marouf (Saudi Arabia), 325 al-Din, Muhammad Salah, 124–125 al-Husseini, Faisal, 330 al-Jalahma, Dr. Umayma Ahmad (Saudi Arabia), 325 al-Kidwa, Nasser, 100 Al-Kidwah, Dr. Jareer (PA), 330 Al-Manar (Hezbollah TV), 324 al-Qaida, 230, 231, 284 al-Qamhawi, Dr. Walid, 117 Al-Rahman Al-Sudayyis, Sheikh Abd (Saudi Arabia), 328 al-Zahar, Mahmoud (Hamas), 328–329, 331 Alamo, Muse, 114–115 Algeria, 70, 110, 142, 144 Algiers, 142 Allon, Yigal, 114 Amr, Nabil (PA), 328 Annan, Kofi , 133, 278 anti-Semitism al-Husseini, Hajj Amin, and meetings with Hitler, 22–23 Arab/Muslim attitudes, 138, 323–324 Arab/Muslim press, 139–140 Arafat, Suha, 139 blood libel, 138–139, 325 Egypt, 140 Faisal, King (Saudi Arabia), 139 Germany, 138–139, 141 Gulf Wars, 99 Holocaust, denial of, 140 Jordan, 140 Marr, Wilhelm, 138 Mein Kampf, 140 origin of term, 138 Palestinian Authority, 139–140 Palestinian State Information Service, 140 Protocols of Elders of Zion, 140 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 133 Syria, 140 UN, 103 Aoun, Gen. Michael, 90 apartheid, Israel comparison, 163–164 Arab countries, anti-Palestinian policies, 126–127, 128 Arab Higher Committee refugees, Arab (1947–49), 116–117, 123 war of 1948, 33 Arab leaders 1967 Six-Day War, 53 views of Jews during refugee crisis (1947–49), 121 views of refugees (1947–49), 115–118, 127, 132 Arab League 1967 Six-Day War, 60 boycott against Jews, 284 Lebanon, 91 peace process, 325–326 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 114–115 Arab Legion, 116 Arab Liberation Army, 116 Arab National Committee, 116 Arab-American voters, 235–236 Arab/Muslim attitudes toward Israel Abbas, Mahmoud (PLO), 327 Abdullah, King (Transjordan), 326 al-Zahar, Mahmoud (Hamas), 328 anti-Semitism, 323–324 Assad, Hafez (Syria), 326 blood libel, 325 destruction of Israel, 330–331 in Gulf Wars, 93 Mohammad, Mahatir (Malaysia), 323–324 Nasser, Gamal (Egypt), 326 Nayef, Prince (Saudi Arabia), 323 362 Alphabetical Index peace, 325–329 violence, sanctioning, 331–332 Arab/Muslim attitudes toward Jews, 5–6, 141, 143–144 Arabs, Israeli 160–161 Arafat, Suha, 139 Arafat, Yasser, 60, 74, 97, 198–199, 245–248, 263 arms balance chemical weapons, 304 Egypt, 300–301, 304–305 Iran, 301, 304–307 Iraq, 303 Islamic bomb, 304 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 303 Pakistan, 304 qualitative advantage, 301 Saudi Arabia, 301–303 weapons of mass destruction, 304 Assad, Bashar, 77, 140 Assad, Hafez (Syria), 76–77, 90–91, 326 Atiyah, Edward, 116 Aziz, Tariq, 96 B Baghdad attacks on Jews, 141 Jews, forced conversion, 142 Baker, James, 96 Balfour Declaration (1917), 1, 4, 9, 215, 216, 342 Barak, Ehud, 73, 245–248, 279 Bedouins, 160 Begin, Menachem, 86, 119, 241, 249 Beirut, 90 Beisan, refugees, Arab (1947–49), 116 Ben-Gurion, David, 43, 113, 120–121, 134 bin Laden, Osama, 259, 284, 331 bin S’ad Al-Shwey’ir, Dr. Muhammad (Saudi Arabia), 325 blood libel, 138–139, 325 boundaries 1967 Six-Day War, 74 Arafat, Yasser, 74 artillery ranges from West Bank, 72 Assad, Hafez, 76–77 British mandate, 71 Bush, George W., viewpoint on, 83 Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), 74, 76 Egypt, 73, 77, 79–80 Fattah, 74 flying times from Arab cities, 79–80 Gaza Strip, 72–73, 82, 84 Golan Heights, 73–79 Heymont, U.S. Army (Ret.) Col. Irving, 76 Iraq, 71, 78, 80–81 Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, 81 Jerusalem, 79 Jordan, 72–73, 77–78, 80, 83 Judea, 72, 81–83 Lebanon, 71, 73–74, 77 missile ranges from West Bank, 72 Oslo peace plan, 79 Ottoman Empire, 71 Palestine, 71 Palestinian Authority, 79, 84 pre-1967, 79, 81–83 Samaria, 72–73, 81–83 Saudi Arabia, 78, 80 Sinai peninsula, 71, 74 Syria, 71, 73–78, 80 Turkey, 71, 78 UN 1947 partition plan, 71 UN establishment of Israel’s, 71 UN Mixed Armistice Commission, 74 UN Resolution 242, 77, 84 UN Security Council, 74, 84 U.S. Joint Chiefs, conclusion, 81 U.S. Secretary of Defense viewpoint, 77 UN 1947 partition plan, 73 United States, 73 West Bank, 73–74, 79, 81, 83 World War I, 71 Brahimi, Lakhdar, 101 Britain establishment of boundaries in Middle East, 71 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 113 views of Zionism, 20 Alphabetical Index 363 British mandate appeasement of Arabs, 14 boundaries, 71 encouragement of attacks on Jews, 20 response to riots vs. Jews, 20–21 Jewish immigration, 14–17, 31 Jewish land purchases, 14, 18–20 Bush, George H. W. assassination attempt on, 191 Gulf Wars, 93 Jewish settlement policy, 220 peace negotiations, 238 Bush, George W., 251, 254 2000 election, 236 aid to Palestinian Authority, 223 disengagement plan, 251 embassy location, 212 Gulf Wars, 98 Israel policy, 220–221 peace process, 237–238, 269 road map, 335, 336 settlement policy, 295, 298 terrorism policy, 192–193, 254 viewpoint on boundaries, 83 C Cadogan, Alexander, 113 Camp David Accords, 242 Canada, 106 Caradon, Lord, 62 Carter Administration, 241 Chad, 85 chemical weapons, 304 children, use for violence, 182–184, 261 “Children’s Club,” 255 Christians in Israel, 160 in Lebanon, 86–87, 90 treatment in Arab world, 143 terrorism against, 177 CIA 1967 Six-Day War, 56 USS Liberty, 58 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 139 Clinton, William Jefferson (Bill), 247, 262 CNN, 310, 317 Cohen, Richard, 138, 276 Corrie, Rachel, 197–198 Custodian of Abandoned Property, 122 D Dayan, Moshe, 60 Declaration of Principles (1993), 64 PLO, 64 Deir Yassin, 117–118, 120–121 Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), 74, 76 Dershowitz, Alan, 162, 275, 303 dhimmis, 143 Diaspora, Jewish, 1 divestment, 233–234 Druze, in Israel, 160 E Eban, Abba, 61, 64 economic aid from U.S., 222–224 education system, Israeli, 171–173 Egypt 1967 Six-Day War, 51–52 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67–70 anti-Semitism, 140 arms balance, 300–301, 304–305 boundaries, 73, 77, 79–80 Jewish population, 142, 144–145 Jewish refugees from, 110 peace agreement, 63 territorial disputes, 63 in UN votes, 106 War of Attrition, 64–65 Eilat and War of Attrition, 64 Eisenhower, Dwight, 43 Eitan, Gen. Raful, 87 el-Khouri, Faris (Syria), 113, 325 Ellul, Jacques, 143 employment, in Israel, 161 Erell, Ret. Adm. Shlomo, 57 Eshkol, Levi, 51 Ezzedin, Hassan (Hezbollah), 89, 332 F Faisal, Emir, 79 Faisal, King, 69, 139 Falouji, Imud, 323 Fattah, 74, 96, 265, 329 364 Alphabetical Index France, 106 freedom fighter vs. terrorist, 232–233 freedom of religion, in Israel, 174–177 friendly fire incidents, 57 G Galloway, Ralph, 127 Gaza Strip 1967 Six-Day War, 53, 62 boundaries, 72–73, 82, 84 disengagement, 101, 252–253 Lebanon, 85 settlements, 296–299 Gemayel, Amin, 90 Gemayel, Bashir, 87, 90 Geneva Convention, 291 Germany anti-Semitism, 138–139, 141 arms supplies from, 221 deportees from, 130 Jews emigrating from, 5 under Nazism, 16, 22, 144, 165 occupation of Tunisia, 154 Ghorra, Edward, 86 Ghoury, Emile, 123 Golan Heights 1967 Six-Day War, 53 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67 Assad, Hafez, 76–77 boundaries, 73–79 location, 88 peace process, 63, 279 UN, 101 Goldberg, Arthur, 61–62 Great Britain. See Britain Gulf Wars anti-Semitism, 99 Arab view of Israeli participation, 93 Arafat, Yasser, 97 Aziz, Tariq, 96 Baker, James, 96 Bush, George H. W., 93 Bush, George W., 98–99 Fattah Revolutionary Council, 96 Hussein, Saddam, 95–96 Iraq’s chemical weapons capability, 95–96 Iraqi nuclear weapons capability, 96–97 Iraqi troop strength, 96 Iraqi views of Israel, 95–96 Israeli assistance to U.S., 94 Israeli defense budget, effect on, 94–95 Israeli views of Iraq, 96, 98–99 Kurds, 96 Libya, 97 London, Yaron, 97 Nidal, Abu, 96 Operation Desert Storm, 93 PLO, 96–98 reparations to Israel, 95 Saudi Arabia, 98 Scud missiles, 93, 95 Soviet Union, 95 UN Compensation Commission, 95 Gussing, Nils-Göran, 55 H Haganah, 35, 37, 113–114, 118–120 Haifa, 115–117, 121 Hairiri, Rafi k, 91 Hakim, Monsignor George, 117 Hamas cease-fire, 251 commitment to fight, 257, 266, 270, 328–329 origins of, 181–182 political vs. terror activity, 267–268 security fence to protect against, 275 strength of, 260 suicide attacks by, 264, 265 UN, 105 Hansen, Peter, 132–133 Hashemite Kingdom. See Jordan Hassan Nasrallah, Sheikh Sayyed (Hezbollah), 331 Heikal, Mohammad (Egypt), 65, 327 Herzl, Theodor, 8, 164 Herzog, Chaim, 100 Heymont, U.S. Army (Ret.) Col. Irving, 76 Alphabetical Index 365 hijackings air, 231–232, 265 sea, 265 Hijazi, Mohammed (Fattah), 329 Hitler, Adolph, 22–23, 139, 268 Hezbollah attacks in Beirut on U.S and French forces, 90 Lebanon, 89, 280 Syrian support for, 76, 77 Holocaust Remembrance Day, 257 Holocaust, denial of, 140 holy sites, Palestinian protection of, 278–279 Hrawi, Elias, 90 Hussein, King ( Jordan) 1967 Six-Day War, 51, 83 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 70 expulsion of PLO from Jordan, 86 refugees, Arab (1967), 132 Hussein, Saddam, 95–96 Husseini, Jamal, 114, 326 I India, 85 Iran arms balance, 301, 304–307 Jewish population, 145–147 Iraq 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 70 arms balance, 303 boundaries, 71, 78, 80–81 chemical weapons capability, 95–96 Jewish population, 142, 147–149 Jewish refugees from, 110 nuclear weapons capability, 96–97 PLO members from, 85 threats against Israel, 96 troop strength, 96 UN, 101 views of Israel, 95–96 Irgun, 23–24, 118 Islamic bomb, 304 Islamic Diaspora, 142 Islamic Jihad, 101, 105, 165, 260, 265 Israel Arabs in, 132, 161–162 checkpoints, 166–171 education, 171–173 employment, 161 history, 2–3 human rights in, 160–165 land claims, 4 Palestinian War, 161, 168, 178–180, 188, 224, 312 peace process, 256–257 population, 1, 160 prison conditions, 162–163 property rights, 161 religious freedom, 174–177 right to exist, 1–2 strategic value to U.S., 215, 217, 226–227 Issa, Habib, 117 Izz ad-Din al-Qassam brigades, 267 J Jaffa, 117 Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, 81 Jarring, Gunnar, 65–66 Jenin massacre, 195–196 Jerusalem 1967 Six-Day War, 51–52 access to religious shrines, 206–208 Arab blockade, 118 as capital, 2, 51, 132, 203, 212, 238 boundaries, 79 internationalization of, 203–205 Jewish population, 201, 236 Palestinian claims to, 209–210, 246, 248 Palestinian political rights, 210 Palestinian preservation of Jewish artifacts at Temple Mount, 213 population growth, 211 refugees from, 117 religious sites, attacks on, 208 Temple Mount, 202 U.S. recognition as capital, 211–212 UN, 101 UN Resolution 242, 210–211 under Jordanian rule (1948-1967), 211 unification of, 53 Jewish immigration, Palestine, 8 366 Alphabetical Index Jewish lobby, 215–216 Jewish National Home, 29 Jewish population Jerusalem, 201 U.S., 236 Jewish return to Israel Arab views in 1800s, 5–6 U.S. view, 5–6 Jews, in Algeria, 144 anti-Semitism toward, 138–139 in Egypt, 144–145 forced conversion in Middle East, 142–143 in Iran, 145–147 in Iraq, 147–149 in Koran, 141 in Lebanon, 149–150 in Libya, 150 in Morocco, 150–152 murder accusations in Ottoman Empire, 142 Muslim attitudes toward, 141, 143–144 in Syria, 152–153 in Tunisia, 154–155 in Yemen, 155–156 Jezreel Valley, 116 Johnson, Lyndon, 47–48, 51, 55–56, 221–222, 237 Jordan 1967 Six-Day War, 51, 53, 60 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67, 69 anti-Semitism, 140 Arab refugees, (1947–49), 127 boundaries, 72–73, 77–78, 80, 83, 85, 88 expulsion of PLO, 86 Gulf Wars, territorial integrity, 94 peace agreement, 63 territorial disputes, 63 Jordanian rule (1948-1967), 205–206, 211 Judea, boundaries, 72, 81–83 Jumblatt, Kemal, 91 K Kahan Commission of Inquiry, 87 Kelly, Lieut. Gen. (Ret.) Thomas, 79 Khalidi, Hussein, 120 King David Hotel, 23–24 Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, 101 Kissinger, Henry, 69, 85, 262 Koran Jerusalem in, 207 on synagogue destruction, 142 taught in schools, 205 Temple Mount in, 202 theocracy based on, 185 views on Jews, 141 Kurds, 96 Kuwait 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67, 69, 70 as allied base, 98 Iraq invasion, 81, 96 in UN votes, 106 West focus on, 90 L League of Nations, 1 Lebanese Christian Phalangist militia, 86–87 Lebanon 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 70 Aoun, Gen. Michael, 90 Arab League, 91 Assad, Hafez, 90–91 Begin, Menachem, 86 Beirut, 90 boundaries, 63, 71, 73–74, 77 Christians in, 86–87, 90 civil war, 87, 90 Gaza Strip, 85 Gemayel, Amin, 90 Gemayel, Bashir, 87, 90 Golan Heights, 88 government view of PLO, 86 Hairiri, Rafik, 91 Hezbollah, 89–90 Jewish population, 149–150 Jewish refugees from, 110 Jordan, 85–86, 88 Jumblatt, Kemal, 91 Kahan Commission of Inquiry, 87 Kissinger, Henry, 85, 87 Lebanese Christian Phalangist militia, 86–87 Mount Dov, 89 Alphabetical Index 367 Lebanon (cont.) Palestinian refugee camps, Muslim attacks on, 87 PLO in, 85–87, 90 Sabra and Shatila massacre, 86–87 Sharon, Ariel, 87 Shebaa Farms, 89 Shiite Amal militia, 87, 90 Syria, 85, 87–91 UN resolution, 91 UN Security Council, 89 West Bank, 85 Lehi, 118 Libya 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 70 first Gulf War, 97 human rights, 100 Jewish population, 142, 150 Jewish refugees from, 110 in Lebanon, 91 PLO members from, 85 relations with Israel, 63 Lippincott, Aubrey, 114 London, Yaron, 97 Lorch, Netanel, 74 M Ma’aleh Adumim, 293–295 Madhi, Sheikh Ibrahim (PA), 327 Marr, Wilhelm, 138 McGonagle, Commander William, 56 McNamara, Robert, 58 Media Arab propaganda, 313–314 CNN, 310, 317 euphemisms, 316–317 historical context, 314 Jewish control of, 313 lack of press freedom in Palestinian Authority, 318–320 New York Times, 119, 315–317 Palestinian misinformation, 320–321 photos, misleading, 315–316 press coverage in Palestinian territories, 310–312 press coverage of Arab world, 309–312 press coverage of Israel, 12, 309–310 pro-Arab lobby, 313 sensationalism, 312–313 terrorist attacks, treatment of, 321 medical care, in Israel, 166–169 Mein Kampf, 140 Meir, Golda, 45, 113 Mitchell Report, 292–293 Mohammad, Mahatir (Malaysia), 323–324 Morocco Jewish population, 142, 150–152 Jewish refugees from, 110 Morris, Benny, 115 Mossad, 269 Mount Dov, 89 Moynihan, Daniel, 100 Mozambique, 85 Mt. Carmel, 113 Mubarak, Hosni, 124 Mudayris, Shaykh Ibrahim, 324, 330 N Nakba Day, 257 Nasser, Gamal (Egypt), 51, 64, 326 National Security Agency (NSA), 56–58 Nayef, Prince (Saudi Arabia), 323 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 279 New York Times, 119, 315, 316, 317 Nidal, Abu, 96 North Africa, 142 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Israel position, 303 Osirak nuclear complex, 97 Nusseibeh, Sari, 134 O Operation Desert Storm, 53, 93 Operation Nachshon, 118 Osirak nuclear complex, 97 Oslo peace plan aftereffects, 213, 223, 238 boundaries, 79, 234 failure of, 245, 261 signing, 290 terms, 187, 249, 263 Ottoman Empire boundaries, 71 Jews, murder accusations, 142 368 Alphabetical Index P Pakistan, 304 Palestine Arab and Jewish population, 16 as part of southern Syria, 2–3 Jewish immigration, 8, 14–17 name derived from, 2 U.S. description in 1800s, 4–5 Palestine Conciliation Commission, 123 Palestine Higher Committee, 114 Palestinian Authority (PA) 1967 Six-Day War, 53 anti-Semitism, 139–140 Arab refugees (1947–49), 126, 130 boundaries, 73, 79 dissent within, 186–187 maximalist vision, 259 misinformation, 320–321 misuse of UN funds, 101, 126–127, 130 press freedom, lack of, 318–320 terrorism, efforts against, 182 weapons, control of, 263–264 Palestinian National Council (PNC), 65 Palestinian refugee camp massacres in Deir Yassin, 118–121 in Haifa, 113 in Jenin, 195–196, 321 in Lebanon, 86–87 Palestinian self-determination, UN Resolution 242, 63 Palestinian state diplomatic offers, 245 peace process, 243–244 Palestinian War (2000–2005), 178–200 Arafat, death of, 198–199 casualties, civilian, 194–195 casualties, Israeli, 179–180 casualties, Palestinian, 179–180 children, use of, 182–184, 188–190 Corrie, Rachel, 197–198 force, excessive, 187–188, 190–192 Hamas, origins of, 181–182 Jenin massacre, 195–196, 321 Palestinian Authority efforts against terrorism, 182 Palestinian dissent, 186–187 policy of assassination, 192–194 Sharon, Ariel, 178–179 Temple Mount, 178–179 violence, reasons for, 180–181 women in suicide attacks, 185–186 Palestinians “big lie,” 268–269 1967 Six-Day War, 53, 55 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 70 claims to Jerusalem, 209–210 historically in the region, 3–4 living conditions, 164–165 naturalization in Arab states, 7 political rights in Jerusalem, 210 preservation of Jewish artifacts at Temple Mount, 213 territorial disputes, 63 UN conferences supporting, 100, 102 “Paradise Camp,” 256 peace process. See also Oslo peace plan 1967 Six-Day War, 61 Abbas, Mahmoud, 250–251 bi-national state, 254 boycott of Israel, 284–285 children’s television, 255–256 Egypt-Israel, 241–242, 261–262 Gaza disengagement, 252–253 Golan Heights, 279 Hamas, 266–268 holy sites, Palestinian protection of, 278–279 Israel’s right to exist, 256–257 Israeli reservists, 276–277 Lebanon, 279–281 Madrid, 101 maximalist vision of PA, 259 Palestinian “big lie,” 268–269 Palestinian question, 242–243 Palestinian state, 243–249 prisoner releases, 269–270 right to exist, 266 Saudi Arabia, 283–284 security fence, 270–276 settlement disengagement plans, 251–252 Sharon, Ariel, 249–250 Syria, 279 Alphabetical Index 369 peace process (cont.) terrorism, Palestinian efforts to stop, 260–261 terrorism, prosecution by Palestinian Authority, 264 terrorism, reasons for, 259–260 terrorism, violence against U.S. citizens, 264–266 water, 281–283 peace, comments on Abbas, Mahmoud (PLO), 327 Abdullah, King (Transjordan), 326 Al-Rahman Al-Sudayyis, Sheikh Abd (Saudi Arabia), 328 al-Zahar, Mahmoud (Hamas), 328–329 Amr, Nabil (PA), 328 Assad, Hafez (Syria), 326 el-Khouri, Faris (Syria), 325 Heikal, Mohammad (Egypt), 327 Hijazi, Mohammed (Fattah), 329 Husseini, Jamal, 326 Madhi, Sheikh Ibrahim (PA), 327 Nasser, Gamal (Egypt), 326 Pasha, Azzam (Arab League), 325–326 Rajoub, Jebril (PA), 327 Saed, Raed (Hamas), 329 Peel Commission, 19, 29–30 PLO 1967 Six-Day War, 55, 60 Arafat, Yasser, 60, 98, 247, 250, 265, 315 creation of, 60 Declaration of Principles (1993), 64 expulsion from Jordan, 86 Gulf Wars, 96–98 in Lebanon, 85–87, 90 terrorism, 265 UN Resolution 242, 63–64 UN Resolution 338, 64 United Nations, 100, 102 War of Attrition, 65 poll tax, 143 Pollard spy case, 227–229 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 76, 265 population of Israel, 160 pre-1967 boundaries, 62–63, 79, 81–83 press coverage. See media. prison conditions, in Israel, 162–163 pro-Arab lobby, 313 property rights, in Israel, 161 Protocols of Elders of Zion, 140, 269 Q Qumiya, 116 R Rabin, Yitzhak, 56, 73, 151, 209, 221, 262, 295, 298 Rafsanjani, Ali (Iran), 330 Rajoub, Jebril (PA), 327 Rand Corporation, 283 Red Cross, 119 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 109–137 Abdullah, King, 127 Annan, Kofi , 133 anti-Semitism in schools, 133 Arab appeal to UN for resolution, 116 Arab blockade of Jerusalem, 118 Arab countries, anti-Palestinian policies, 126–127, 128 Arab Higher Committee, 116–117, 123 Arab invasion, 114–115 Arab leaders, views of, 115–118, 127, 132 Arab League, 117 Arab Legion, 116 Arab Liberation Army, 116 Arab National Committee, 116 atrocities, fabricated claims, 120–121 Awarna Bedouin, 116 Begin, Menachem, 119 Beisan, 116 Ben-Gurion, David, 113, 120–121, 134 Britain, 113 Custodian of Abandoned Property, 122 Deir Yassin, 117–118, 120–121 estimates of, 109, 126, 129, 134 funding, 126 Haganah, 114, 118–120 Haifa, 115–117, 121 Irgun, 118 Israeli efforts for housing, 129–130 Jaffa, 117 370 Alphabetical Index Jerusalem, 117 Jezreel Valley, 116 Jordan, 127 Lehi, 118 Meir, Golda, 113 Mt. Carmel, 113 Mubarak, Hosni, 124 Operation Nachshon, 118 Palestine Conciliation Commission, 123 Palestine Higher Committee, 114 Palestinian Authority, 126–127, 130 Qumiya, 116 Red Cross, 119 reports of massacres and deportations, 113–114 return, Arab views, 121–125 return, compared to American Revolution, 125 return, Israeli views of, 124, 132, 134 rights in Jordan, 127 terrorism, 129–130, 132–133 Tiberius, 113, 117, 121 two-state solution, 134 UN partition, 113 UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), 125–130, 132–133 UN Relief for Palestinian Refugees, 125 UN Resolution 194, 122, 124, 126 UN Resolution 242, 134 UN Security Council, 114 refugees, Arab (1967), 130–132 refugees, Jewish, 109–111, 126, 130, 134 religion in government, in Israel, 173–174 road map disengagement plan, 238, 251 negotiations, 249–250 Palestinian Authority obligations, 84, 166, 253, 256, 263, 269, 273 text of, 335–341 Rumsfeld, Donald, 246 S Sabra and Shatila massacre, 86–87 Sadat, Anwar, 65–66, 67–69, 173, 207, 237, 241, 249–250, 262, 289, 292, 305 Saed, Raed (Hamas), 329 Samaria, 72–73, 81–83 Sarid, Yossi, 97 Saudi Arabia, 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 69–70 arms balance, 301–303 boundaries, 78, 80 Gulf Wars, 98 in Lebanon, 91 peace process, 283–284 relations with Israel, 63 UN, 106 security fence, 270–276 September 11, 230–232 “Sesame Street,” Palestinian version, 255 settlements as obstacle to peace, 289–291 disengagement plans, 251–252 Gaza vs. West Bank, 296–299 Gaza withdrawal, 296 Geneva Convention, 291 locations, 292 Ma’aleh Adumim, 293–295 Mitchell Report, 292–293 moratorium, Israeli, 292 UN, 101 Shakir, Shaykh Jamal, 324 Shaltiel, David, 118 Sharon, Ariel, 87, 243–244, 247, 249–251 Shebaa Farms, 89 Shiite Amal militia, 87, 90 Sinai peninsula 1967 Six-Day War, 53, 62 boundaries, 71, 74 Soviet Union 1967 Six-Day War, 56, 62 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67, 70 Gulf Wars, 95 War of Attrition (1967–1970), 65 Spain, 141 Spector, Brig.-Gen. Yiftah, 57 Spiegel, Fredelle, 131 Sri Lanka, 85 State Department, 37, 51, 58, 133, 191, 197, 238 Strait of Tiran, blockade of, 41, 43, 47, 48, 63, 241 Alphabetical Index 371 Sudan, 70, 91, 265 Suez Canal and War of Attrition, 64 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67–69 War of Attrition, 64–65 synagogues, in Algeria, 144 in Cairo, 145 destruction of, 142, 150–151, 155, 278 in Iraq, 148–149 in Syria, 154 in Tunisia, 154 Syria 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67–70 anti-Semitism, 140 boundaries, 71, 73–78, 80 Jewish population in, 142, 152–153 Jewish refugees from, 110 in Lebanon, 85, 87–91 peace process, 279 support for terrorists, 74, 76 territorial disputes, 63 UN, 100 T Temple Mount, 178–179, 202, 213, 246, 248, 268 terrorism. See also specific incidents by al-Qaida, 230–231 Arab refugees (1947–49), 129–130, 132–133 Arab support for, 234, 243 against children, 107 by children, 183–184, 261 against Christians, 177 against civilians, 23–24, 60, 180 vs. freedom fighter, 232–233 by Hamas, 181–182, 267 Israeli efforts to stop, 165, 170, 217, 270, 272–273, 290 by Libya, 193 Palestinian efforts to stop, 186, 260–261, 293 prosecution by Palestinian Authority, 264 punishment for, 163, 264 reasons for, 83, 259–260 response to, 190, 192–193 by Saudi Arabia, 283–284 suicide attacks, 196, 270 Syrian-sponsored, 105 UN Security Council policy, 101, 105 U.S. definition of, 233 violence against U.S. citizens, 264–265 Tiberius, 1, 113, 121 Transjordan. See Jordan Treiki, Ali, 103 Tunisia, 70, 110, 142, 154–155 Turkey, 71, 78 U U.S. Joint Chiefs, on boundaries, 81 U.S. Middle East Policy against Israel’s interests, 220–221 anti-Semitism, 234 Arab countries, 219 Arab population in U.S., 236 Arab-American voters, 235–236 creation of Israel, 215 dependence on Arab oil, 229 divestment, 233–234 economic aid, 222–224 hijackings, air, 231–232 Jewish lobby, 215–216 Jewish population in U.S., 236 military assistance to Israel, 224–226 Pollard spy case, 227–229 public support, 218–219 September 11 attacks, 230–232 strategic value of Israel, 215, 217, 226–227 terrorist vs. freedom fighter, 232–233 U.S. diplomacy efforts, history of, 236–239 values, shared, 216–218 U.S. military assistance to Israel, 224–226 U.S. positions 1967 Six-Day War, 51 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67, 69–70 abstentions at UN, 105 Arab support of, 106 Jerusalem as capital of Israel, 211–212 372 Alphabetical Index Jewish return to Israel, 5–6 views on Israeli military action in first Gulf War, 93 voting record at UN, 105 War of Attrition, 64 Uganda, Jewish plans to settle in, 8 UN 1947 partition plan, 1, 26–32 Arab rejection of, 31–32 boundaries, 71, 73 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 113 UN Compensation Commission, 95 UN Development Program, 101 UN Mixed Armistice Commission, 74 UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), 125–130, 132–133 UN Relief for Palestinian Refugees, 125 UN Resolution 194, 122, 124, 126 UN Resolution 242 1967 Six-Day War, 61–62 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 69 Arab states, 63–64 boundaries, 77, 84 freedom of navigation provision, 63 ineffectiveness of, 101 Jerusalem, 210–211 Palestinian right to self-determination, 63 peace talks based on, 134 PLO, 63–64 UN Resolution 3379 UN Resolution 338, 101 1967 Six-Day War, 61 ineffectiveness of, 101 PLO, 64 UN resolutions, implementation of, 106–107 UN Security Council, 107 1967 Six-Day War, 61–62 1973 War (Yom Kippur), 67 binding resolutions, 107 boundaries, 84 on Israel, 103, 105 Lebanon, 89 Osirak nuclear complex, 97 refugees, Arab (1947–49), 114 refugees, Arab (1967), 132 on terrorism, 101 UN Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP), 26, 33–35 United Nations, 100–108 Al-Aksa Martyrs Brigade, 106 al-Kidwa, Nasser, 100 anti-Semitism, 103 anti-Zionist resolution, repeal of, 104 anti-Zionist sentiment, 103–104 Arab appeal for resolution to refugee crisis (1947–49), 116 Arab support of U.S. positions, 106 Arab terror attacks, 105, 107 Arab-Soviet-Third World bloc, 100 Asian Group, 102 establishment of Israel’s boundaries, 71 Gaza Strip, 101 General Assembly, 101–102, 104–105 Golan Heights, 101 Hamas, 105 Herzog, Chaim, 100 Islamic Jihad, 101, 105 Israel’s voting record, 106 Israeli rights at UN, 102–103 Jerusalem, 101 Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, 101 nonbinding resolutions, 106 Palestine, as non-voting member, 102 Palestinian Authority, 101 peace process, Madrid, 101 PLO, 100, 102 settlements, 101 U.S. voting record, 105 Western European and Others Group (WEOG), 102 Zionism as racism, 100 USS Liberty, 55–58 V Vietnam, 53 von Grunebaum, G. E., 142 W War of 1948 Arab boycott, 38–39 armistice lines, 36 Alphabetical Index 373 War of 1948 (cont.) arms embargo, 37–38 Haganah, 35 international response, 35, 37 lack of Western support, 37–38 phases of the war, 33–35 War of Attrition (1967–1970), 60–66 cease-fire, 64 Egypt, 64–65 Eilat, 64 Nasser, Gamal (Egypt), 64 peace talks, 65 PLO, 65 Sadat, Anwar, 65–66 SAM-2, SAM-3 missiles, 65 Soviet Union, 65 Suez Canal, 64–65 U.S. Defense Department photos, 65 U.S. role, 64 weapons of mass destruction, 98, 304 Weitzman, Chaim, 123 West Bank 1967 Six-Day War, 53, 60, 62 boundaries, 73–74, 79, 81, 83 settlements, 296–299 terrorism, 85 Western European and Others Group (WEOG), 102 Western Wall, 246 women, in suicide attacks, 185–186 World War I, 71 World War II, 17, 26, 127, 154, 342 Y Yassin, Sheikh Ahmed, 264, 267, 332 Yemen, 142, 155–156 Z Ziegler, Jean, 104 Zionism Arab views, 9–10, 115 British views during Mandatory period, 20 Hamas position, 266 history, 1, 8 as racism, 6–7, 100 UN views, 100, 103–104 374 Alphabetical Index 

American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE)

The AMERICAN- ISRAELI COOPERATIVE ENTERPRISE (AICE) was established in 1993 as a nonprofit 501(c) (3), nonpartisan organization to strengthen the U.S. - Israel relationship by emphasizing the fundamentals of the alliance and the values our nations share. Tangibly, this means developing social and educational programs in the U.S. based on innovative, successful Israeli models that address similar domestic problems, and bringing novel U.S. programs to Israel. These cooperative activities, which stem from our common values, are called Shared Value Initiatives. The objectives and purposes of AICE include: ■ To provide a vehicle for the research, study, discussion and exchange of views concerning nonmilitary cooperation (Shared Value Initiatives) between the peoples and governments of the United States and Israel. ■ To facilitate the formation of partnerships between Israelis and Americans. ■ To publicize joint activities, and the benefits accruing to America and Israel from them. ■ To explore issues of common historical interest to the peoples and governments of the United States and Israel. ■ To sponsor research, conferences and documentaries. ■ To serve as a clearinghouse on joint U.S. - Israeli activities. ■ To provide educational materials on Jewish history and culture. ■ To promote scholarship in the field of Israel studies. AICE also runs the Jewish Virtual Library, a comprehensive online Jewish encyclopedia covering everything from anti- Semitism to Zionism (www.JewishVirtual Library.org). BOARD OF DIRECTORS Howard Rosenbloom President/Treasurer Dr. Arthur Bard Vice President/Secretary Mitchell G. Bard Executive Director ADVISORY BOARD Dorothy Bard Stephen J. Lovell Newton Becker Bernice Manocherian Martin Block J. George Mitnick Renee Comet Sy Opper Henry Everett z”l Terry M. Rubinstein Howard Friedman Sholom Shefferman Jerry Gottesman Irving Shuman Paula Gottesman Alan Slifka Eugene M. Grant Louis S. Sorell Andy Lappin Arnold Wagner Dr. Brad Levinson Jane Weitzman

About the Author Mitchell Bard is the Executive Director of the nonprofit American- Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) and a foreign policy analyst who lectures frequently on U.S. - Middle East policy. Dr. Bard is also the director of the Jewish Virtual Library. Dr. Bard has appeared on local and national television and radio outlets. His work has been published in academic journals, magazines and major newspapers. He is the author/editor of: ■ The Water’s Edge And Beyond: Defining the Limits to Domestic Influence on U.S. Middle East Policy ■ Partners for Change: How U.S.- Israel Cooperation Can Benefit America ■ U.S.- Israel Relations: Looking to the Year 2000 ■ Building Bridges: Lessons For America From Novel Israeli Approaches To Promote Coexistence ■ Forgotten Victims: The Abandonment of Americans in Hitler’s Camps ■ The Complete Idiot’s Guide to World War II ■ The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Middle East Conflict  ■ The Complete History of the Holocaust ■ The Holocaust (Turning Points in World History) ■ The Nuremberg Trials (At Issue in History) ■ The Nuremberg Trials (Eyewitness to History) ■ From Tragedy to Triumph: The Politics behind the Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry ■ The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Understanding the Brain ■ On One Foot: A Middle East Guide for the Perplexed or How to Respond on Your Way to Class When Your Best Friend Joins an Anti- Israel Protest ■ The Founding of the State of Israel ■ 1001 Facts Everyone Should Know About Israel (co- author Moshe Schwartz) Dr. Bard is also the author/editor of six studies published by AICE: ■ Learning Together: Israeli Innovations in Education that Could Benefit Americans ■ Experience Counts: Innovative Programs For The Elderly In Israel That Can Benefit Americans ■ Good Medicine: Israeli Innovations In Health Care That Could Benefit Americans ■ Breakthrough Dividend: Israeli Innovations In Biotechnology That Could Benefit Americans. ■ Rewriting History in Textbooks ■ TENURED OR TENUOUS: Defining the Role of Faculty in Supporting Israel on Campus Bard holds a Ph.D. in political science from UCLA and a master’s degree in public policy from Berkeley. He received his B.A. in economics from the University of California at Santa Barbara.

14. The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries 141 142